Merge branch 'router-for-me:main' into main

test(auth-scheduler): add benchmarks and priority-based scheduling improvements

- Added `BenchmarkManagerPickNextMixedPriority500` for mixed-priority performance assessment.
- Updated `pickNextMixed` to prioritize highest ready priority tiers.
- Introduced `highestReadyPriorityLocked` and `pickReadyAtPriorityLocked` for better scheduling logic.
- Added unit test to validate selection of highest priority tiers in mixed provider scenarios.

.dockerignore

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ bin/*
 .agent/*
 .agents/*
 .opencode/*
+.idea/*
 .bmad/*
 _bmad/*
 _bmad-output/*

.gitignore

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ GEMINI.md
 .agents/*
 .agents/*
 .opencode/*
+.idea/*
 .bmad/*
 _bmad/*
 _bmad-output/*

README.md

@@ -8,87 +8,6 @@ All third-party provider support is maintained by community contributors; CLIPro
 
 The Plus release stays in lockstep with the mainline features.
 
-## Differences from the Mainline
-
-- Added GitHub Copilot support (OAuth login), provided by [em4go](https://github.com/em4go/CLIProxyAPI/tree/feature/github-copilot-auth)
-- Added Kiro (AWS CodeWhisperer) support (OAuth login), provided by [fuko2935](https://github.com/fuko2935/CLIProxyAPI/tree/feature/kiro-integration), [Ravens2121](https://github.com/Ravens2121/CLIProxyAPIPlus/)
-
-## New Features (Plus Enhanced)
-
-- **OAuth Web Authentication**: Browser-based OAuth login for Kiro with beautiful web UI
-- **Rate Limiter**: Built-in request rate limiting to prevent API abuse
-- **Background Token Refresh**: Automatic token refresh 10 minutes before expiration
-- **Metrics & Monitoring**: Request metrics collection for monitoring and debugging
-- **Device Fingerprint**: Device fingerprint generation for enhanced security
-- **Cooldown Management**: Smart cooldown mechanism for API rate limits
-- **Usage Checker**: Real-time usage monitoring and quota management
-- **Model Converter**: Unified model name conversion across providers
-- **UTF-8 Stream Processing**: Improved streaming response handling
-
-## Kiro Authentication
-
-### Web-based OAuth Login
-
-Access the Kiro OAuth web interface at:
-
-```
-http://your-server:8080/v0/oauth/kiro
-```
-
-This provides a browser-based OAuth flow for Kiro (AWS CodeWhisperer) authentication with:
-- AWS Builder ID login
-- AWS Identity Center (IDC) login
-- Token import from Kiro IDE
-
-## Quick Deployment with Docker
-
-### One-Command Deployment
-
-```bash
-# Create deployment directory
-mkdir -p ~/cli-proxy && cd ~/cli-proxy
-
-# Create docker-compose.yml
-cat > docker-compose.yml << 'EOF'
-services:
-  cli-proxy-api:
-    image: eceasy/cli-proxy-api-plus:latest
-    container_name: cli-proxy-api-plus
-    ports:
-      - "8317:8317"
-    volumes:
-      - ./config.yaml:/CLIProxyAPI/config.yaml
-      - ./auths:/root/.cli-proxy-api
-      - ./logs:/CLIProxyAPI/logs
-    restart: unless-stopped
-EOF
-
-# Download example config
-curl -o config.yaml https://raw.githubusercontent.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPIPlus/main/config.example.yaml
-
-# Pull and start
-docker compose pull && docker compose up -d
-```
-
-### Configuration
-
-Edit `config.yaml` before starting:
-
-```yaml
-# Basic configuration example
-server:
-  port: 8317
-
-# Add your provider configurations here
-```
-
-### Update to Latest Version
-
-```bash
-cd ~/cli-proxy
-docker compose pull && docker compose up -d
-```
-
 ## Contributing
 
 This project only accepts pull requests that relate to third-party provider support. Any pull requests unrelated to third-party provider support will be rejected.

README_CN.md

@@ -8,87 +8,6 @@
 
 该 Plus 版本的主线功能与主线功能强制同步。
 
-## 与主线版本版本差异
-
-- 新增 GitHub Copilot 支持（OAuth 登录），由[em4go](https://github.com/em4go/CLIProxyAPI/tree/feature/github-copilot-auth)提供
-- 新增 Kiro (AWS CodeWhisperer) 支持 (OAuth 登录), 由[fuko2935](https://github.com/fuko2935/CLIProxyAPI/tree/feature/kiro-integration)、[Ravens2121](https://github.com/Ravens2121/CLIProxyAPIPlus/)提供
-
-## 新增功能 (Plus 增强版)
-
-- **OAuth Web 认证**: 基于浏览器的 Kiro OAuth 登录，提供美观的 Web UI
-- **请求限流器**: 内置请求限流，防止 API 滥用
-- **后台令牌刷新**: 过期前 10 分钟自动刷新令牌
-- **监控指标**: 请求指标收集，用于监控和调试
-- **设备指纹**: 设备指纹生成，增强安全性
-- **冷却管理**: 智能冷却机制，应对 API 速率限制
-- **用量检查器**: 实时用量监控和配额管理
-- **模型转换器**: 跨供应商的统一模型名称转换
-- **UTF-8 流处理**: 改进的流式响应处理
-
-## Kiro 认证
-
-### 网页端 OAuth 登录
-
-访问 Kiro OAuth 网页认证界面：
-
-```
-http://your-server:8080/v0/oauth/kiro
-```
-
-提供基于浏览器的 Kiro (AWS CodeWhisperer) OAuth 认证流程，支持：
-- AWS Builder ID 登录
-- AWS Identity Center (IDC) 登录
-- 从 Kiro IDE 导入令牌
-
-## Docker 快速部署
-
-### 一键部署
-
-```bash
-# 创建部署目录
-mkdir -p ~/cli-proxy && cd ~/cli-proxy
-
-# 创建 docker-compose.yml
-cat > docker-compose.yml << 'EOF'
-services:
-  cli-proxy-api:
-    image: eceasy/cli-proxy-api-plus:latest
-    container_name: cli-proxy-api-plus
-    ports:
-      - "8317:8317"
-    volumes:
-      - ./config.yaml:/CLIProxyAPI/config.yaml
-      - ./auths:/root/.cli-proxy-api
-      - ./logs:/CLIProxyAPI/logs
-    restart: unless-stopped
-EOF
-
-# 下载示例配置
-curl -o config.yaml https://raw.githubusercontent.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPIPlus/main/config.example.yaml
-
-# 拉取并启动
-docker compose pull && docker compose up -d
-```
-
-### 配置说明
-
-启动前请编辑 `config.yaml`：
-
-```yaml
-# 基本配置示例
-server:
-  port: 8317
-
-# 在此添加你的供应商配置
-```
-
-### 更新到最新版本
-
-```bash
-cd ~/cli-proxy
-docker compose pull && docker compose up -d
-```
-
 ## 贡献
 
 该项目仅接受第三方供应商支持的 Pull Request。任何非第三方供应商支持的 Pull Request 都将被拒绝。

cmd/server/main.go

@@ -87,6 +87,10 @@ func main() {
 	var kiroAWSLogin bool
 	var kiroAWSAuthCode bool
 	var kiroImport bool
+	var kiroIDCLogin bool
+	var kiroIDCStartURL string
+	var kiroIDCRegion string
+	var kiroIDCFlow string
 	var githubCopilotLogin bool
 	var projectID string
 	var vertexImport string
@@ -117,6 +121,10 @@ func main() {
 	flag.BoolVar(&kiroAWSLogin, "kiro-aws-login", false, "Login to Kiro using AWS Builder ID (device code flow)")
 	flag.BoolVar(&kiroAWSAuthCode, "kiro-aws-authcode", false, "Login to Kiro using AWS Builder ID (authorization code flow, better UX)")
 	flag.BoolVar(&kiroImport, "kiro-import", false, "Import Kiro token from Kiro IDE (~/.aws/sso/cache/kiro-auth-token.json)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&kiroIDCLogin, "kiro-idc-login", false, "Login to Kiro using IAM Identity Center (IDC)")
+	flag.StringVar(&kiroIDCStartURL, "kiro-idc-start-url", "", "IDC start URL (required with --kiro-idc-login)")
+	flag.StringVar(&kiroIDCRegion, "kiro-idc-region", "", "IDC region (default: us-east-1)")
+	flag.StringVar(&kiroIDCFlow, "kiro-idc-flow", "", "IDC flow type: authcode (default) or device")
 	flag.BoolVar(&githubCopilotLogin, "github-copilot-login", false, "Login to GitHub Copilot using device flow")
 	flag.StringVar(&projectID, "project_id", "", "Project ID (Gemini only, not required)")
 	flag.StringVar(&configPath, "config", DefaultConfigPath, "Configure File Path")
@@ -526,24 +534,34 @@ func main() {
 		// Note: This config mutation is safe - auth commands exit after completion
 		// and don't share config with StartService (which is in the else branch)
 		setKiroIncognitoMode(cfg, useIncognito, noIncognito)
+		kiro.InitFingerprintConfig(cfg)
 		cmd.DoKiroLogin(cfg, options)
 	} else if kiroGoogleLogin {
 		// For Kiro auth, default to incognito mode for multi-account support
 		// Users can explicitly override with --no-incognito
 		// Note: This config mutation is safe - auth commands exit after completion
 		setKiroIncognitoMode(cfg, useIncognito, noIncognito)
+		kiro.InitFingerprintConfig(cfg)
 		cmd.DoKiroGoogleLogin(cfg, options)
 	} else if kiroAWSLogin {
 		// For Kiro auth, default to incognito mode for multi-account support
 		// Users can explicitly override with --no-incognito
 		setKiroIncognitoMode(cfg, useIncognito, noIncognito)
+		kiro.InitFingerprintConfig(cfg)
 		cmd.DoKiroAWSLogin(cfg, options)
 	} else if kiroAWSAuthCode {
 		// For Kiro auth with authorization code flow (better UX)
 		setKiroIncognitoMode(cfg, useIncognito, noIncognito)
+		kiro.InitFingerprintConfig(cfg)
 		cmd.DoKiroAWSAuthCodeLogin(cfg, options)
 	} else if kiroImport {
+		kiro.InitFingerprintConfig(cfg)
 		cmd.DoKiroImport(cfg, options)
+	} else if kiroIDCLogin {
+		// For Kiro IDC auth, default to incognito mode for multi-account support
+		setKiroIncognitoMode(cfg, useIncognito, noIncognito)
+		kiro.InitFingerprintConfig(cfg)
+		cmd.DoKiroIDCLogin(cfg, options, kiroIDCStartURL, kiroIDCRegion, kiroIDCFlow)
 	} else {
 		// In cloud deploy mode without config file, just wait for shutdown signals
 		if isCloudDeploy && !configFileExists {

config.example.yaml

@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ passthrough-headers: false
 # Number of times to retry a request. Retries will occur if the HTTP response code is 403, 408, 500, 502, 503, or 504.
 request-retry: 3
 
+# Maximum number of different credentials to try for one failed request.
+# Set to 0 to keep legacy behavior (try all available credentials).
+max-retry-credentials: 0
+
 # Maximum wait time in seconds for a cooled-down credential before triggering a retry.
 max-retry-interval: 30
 
@@ -179,6 +183,8 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #kiro:
 #  - token-file: "~/.aws/sso/cache/kiro-auth-token.json" # path to Kiro token file
 #    agent-task-type: "" # optional: "vibe" or empty (API default)
+#    start-url: "https://your-company.awsapps.com/start" # optional: IDC start URL (preset for login)
+#    region: "us-east-1" # optional: OIDC region for IDC login and token refresh
 #  - access-token: "aoaAAAAA..." # or provide tokens directly
 #    refresh-token: "aorAAAAA..."
 #    profile-arn: "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:..."
@@ -213,6 +219,17 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #     models: # The models supported by the provider.
 #       - name: "moonshotai/kimi-k2:free" # The actual model name.
 #         alias: "kimi-k2" # The alias used in the API.
+#       # You may repeat the same alias to build an internal model pool.
+#       # The client still sees only one alias in the model list.
+#       # Requests to that alias will round-robin across the upstream names below,
+#       # and if the chosen upstream fails before producing output, the request will
+#       # continue with the next upstream model in the same alias pool.
+#       - name: "qwen3.5-plus"
+#         alias: "claude-opus-4.66"
+#       - name: "glm-5"
+#         alias: "claude-opus-4.66"
+#       - name: "kimi-k2.5"
+#         alias: "claude-opus-4.66"
 
 # Vertex API keys (Vertex-compatible endpoints, use API key + base URL)
 # vertex-api-key:
@@ -227,6 +244,9 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #         alias: "vertex-flash"                   # client-visible alias
 #       - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
 #         alias: "vertex-pro"
+#     excluded-models:                            # optional: models to exclude from listing
+#       - "imagen-3.0-generate-002"
+#       - "imagen-*"
 
 # Amp Integration
 # ampcode:

internal/api/handlers/management/auth_files.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -48,14 +49,11 @@ import (
 var lastRefreshKeys = []string{"last_refresh", "lastRefresh", "last_refreshed_at", "lastRefreshedAt"}
 
 const (
-	anthropicCallbackPort   = 54545
-	geminiCallbackPort      = 8085
-	codexCallbackPort       = 1455
-	geminiCLIEndpoint       = "https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com"
-	geminiCLIVersion        = "v1internal"
-	geminiCLIUserAgent      = "google-api-nodejs-client/9.15.1"
-	geminiCLIApiClient      = "gl-node/22.17.0"
-	geminiCLIClientMetadata = "ideType=IDE_UNSPECIFIED,platform=PLATFORM_UNSPECIFIED,pluginType=GEMINI"
+	anthropicCallbackPort = 54545
+	geminiCallbackPort    = 8085
+	codexCallbackPort     = 1455
+	geminiCLIEndpoint     = "https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com"
+	geminiCLIVersion      = "v1internal"
 )
 
 type callbackForwarder struct {
@@ -195,17 +193,6 @@ func startCallbackForwarder(port int, provider, targetBase string) (*callbackFor
 	return forwarder, nil
 }
 
-func stopCallbackForwarder(port int) {
-	callbackForwardersMu.Lock()
-	forwarder := callbackForwarders[port]
-	if forwarder != nil {
-		delete(callbackForwarders, port)
-	}
-	callbackForwardersMu.Unlock()
-
-	stopForwarderInstance(port, forwarder)
-}
-
 func stopCallbackForwarderInstance(port int, forwarder *callbackForwarder) {
 	if forwarder == nil {
 		return
@@ -412,6 +399,9 @@ func (h *Handler) buildAuthFileEntry(auth *coreauth.Auth) gin.H {
 	if !auth.LastRefreshedAt.IsZero() {
 		entry["last_refresh"] = auth.LastRefreshedAt
 	}
+	if !auth.NextRetryAfter.IsZero() {
+		entry["next_retry_after"] = auth.NextRetryAfter
+	}
 	if path != "" {
 		entry["path"] = path
 		entry["source"] = "file"
@@ -644,44 +634,85 @@ func (h *Handler) DeleteAuthFile(c *gin.Context) {
 		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid name"})
 		return
 	}
-	full := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, filepath.Base(name))
-	if !filepath.IsAbs(full) {
-		if abs, errAbs := filepath.Abs(full); errAbs == nil {
-			full = abs
+
+	targetPath := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, filepath.Base(name))
+	targetID := ""
+	if targetAuth := h.findAuthForDelete(name); targetAuth != nil {
+		targetID = strings.TrimSpace(targetAuth.ID)
+		if path := strings.TrimSpace(authAttribute(targetAuth, "path")); path != "" {
+			targetPath = path
 		}
 	}
-	if err := os.Remove(full); err != nil {
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+	if !filepath.IsAbs(targetPath) {
+		if abs, errAbs := filepath.Abs(targetPath); errAbs == nil {
+			targetPath = abs
+		}
+	}
+	if errRemove := os.Remove(targetPath); errRemove != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(errRemove) {
 			c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "file not found"})
 		} else {
-			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to remove file: %v", err)})
+			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to remove file: %v", errRemove)})
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	if err := h.deleteTokenRecord(ctx, full); err != nil {
-		c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+	if errDeleteRecord := h.deleteTokenRecord(ctx, targetPath); errDeleteRecord != nil {
+		c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": errDeleteRecord.Error()})
 		return
 	}
-	h.disableAuth(ctx, full)
+	if targetID != "" {
+		h.disableAuth(ctx, targetID)
+	} else {
+		h.disableAuth(ctx, targetPath)
+	}
 	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
 }
 
+func (h *Handler) findAuthForDelete(name string) *coreauth.Auth {
+	if h == nil || h.authManager == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	name = strings.TrimSpace(name)
+	if name == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if auth, ok := h.authManager.GetByID(name); ok {
+		return auth
+	}
+	auths := h.authManager.List()
+	for _, auth := range auths {
+		if auth == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(auth.FileName) == name {
+			return auth
+		}
+		if filepath.Base(strings.TrimSpace(authAttribute(auth, "path"))) == name {
+			return auth
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (h *Handler) authIDForPath(path string) string {
 	path = strings.TrimSpace(path)
 	if path == "" {
 		return ""
 	}
-	if h == nil || h.cfg == nil {
-		return path
+	id := path
+	if h != nil && h.cfg != nil {
+		authDir := strings.TrimSpace(h.cfg.AuthDir)
+		if authDir != "" {
+			if rel, errRel := filepath.Rel(authDir, path); errRel == nil && rel != "" {
+				id = rel
+			}
+		}
 	}
-	authDir := strings.TrimSpace(h.cfg.AuthDir)
-	if authDir == "" {
-		return path
+	// On Windows, normalize ID casing to avoid duplicate auth entries caused by case-insensitive paths.
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		id = strings.ToLower(id)
 	}
-	if rel, err := filepath.Rel(authDir, path); err == nil && rel != "" {
-		return rel
-	}
-	return path
+	return id
 }
 
 func (h *Handler) registerAuthFromFile(ctx context.Context, path string, data []byte) error {
@@ -899,10 +930,19 @@ func (h *Handler) disableAuth(ctx context.Context, id string) {
 	if h == nil || h.authManager == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	authID := h.authIDForPath(id)
-	if authID == "" {
-		authID = strings.TrimSpace(id)
+	id = strings.TrimSpace(id)
+	if id == "" {
+		return
 	}
+	if auth, ok := h.authManager.GetByID(id); ok {
+		auth.Disabled = true
+		auth.Status = coreauth.StatusDisabled
+		auth.StatusMessage = "removed via management API"
+		auth.UpdatedAt = time.Now()
+		_, _ = h.authManager.Update(ctx, auth)
+		return
+	}
+	authID := h.authIDForPath(id)
 	if authID == "" {
 		return
 	}
@@ -1272,12 +1312,12 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
 			projects, errAll := onboardAllGeminiProjects(ctx, gemClient, &ts)
 			if errAll != nil {
 				log.Errorf("Failed to complete Gemini CLI onboarding: %v", errAll)
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Failed to complete Gemini CLI onboarding")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to complete Gemini CLI onboarding: %v", errAll))
 				return
 			}
 			if errVerify := ensureGeminiProjectsEnabled(ctx, gemClient, projects); errVerify != nil {
 				log.Errorf("Failed to verify Cloud AI API status: %v", errVerify)
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Failed to verify Cloud AI API status")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to verify Cloud AI API status: %v", errVerify))
 				return
 			}
 			ts.ProjectID = strings.Join(projects, ",")
@@ -1286,7 +1326,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
 			ts.Auto = false
 			if errSetup := performGeminiCLISetup(ctx, gemClient, &ts, ""); errSetup != nil {
 				log.Errorf("Google One auto-discovery failed: %v", errSetup)
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Google One auto-discovery failed")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Google One auto-discovery failed: %v", errSetup))
 				return
 			}
 			if strings.TrimSpace(ts.ProjectID) == "" {
@@ -1297,19 +1337,19 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
 			isChecked, errCheck := checkCloudAPIIsEnabled(ctx, gemClient, ts.ProjectID)
 			if errCheck != nil {
 				log.Errorf("Failed to verify Cloud AI API status: %v", errCheck)
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Failed to verify Cloud AI API status")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to verify Cloud AI API status: %v", errCheck))
 				return
 			}
 			ts.Checked = isChecked
 			if !isChecked {
 				log.Error("Cloud AI API is not enabled for the auto-discovered project")
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Cloud AI API not enabled")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Cloud AI API not enabled for project %s", ts.ProjectID))
 				return
 			}
 		} else {
 			if errEnsure := ensureGeminiProjectAndOnboard(ctx, gemClient, &ts, requestedProjectID); errEnsure != nil {
 				log.Errorf("Failed to complete Gemini CLI onboarding: %v", errEnsure)
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Failed to complete Gemini CLI onboarding")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to complete Gemini CLI onboarding: %v", errEnsure))
 				return
 			}
 
@@ -1322,13 +1362,13 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
 			isChecked, errCheck := checkCloudAPIIsEnabled(ctx, gemClient, ts.ProjectID)
 			if errCheck != nil {
 				log.Errorf("Failed to verify Cloud AI API status: %v", errCheck)
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Failed to verify Cloud AI API status")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to verify Cloud AI API status: %v", errCheck))
 				return
 			}
 			ts.Checked = isChecked
 			if !isChecked {
 				log.Error("Cloud AI API is not enabled for the selected project")
-				SetOAuthSessionError(state, "Cloud AI API not enabled")
+				SetOAuthSessionError(state, fmt.Sprintf("Cloud AI API not enabled for project %s", ts.ProjectID))
 				return
 			}
 		}
@@ -1929,8 +1969,6 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGitHubToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	state := fmt.Sprintf("gh-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
 
 	// Initialize Copilot auth service
-	// We need to import "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/copilot" first if not present
-	// Assuming copilot package is imported as "copilot"
 	deviceClient := copilot.NewDeviceFlowClient(h.cfg)
 
 	// Initiate device flow
@@ -1944,7 +1982,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGitHubToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	authURL := deviceCode.VerificationURI
 	userCode := deviceCode.UserCode
 
-	RegisterOAuthSession(state, "github")
+	RegisterOAuthSession(state, "github-copilot")
 
 	go func() {
 		fmt.Printf("Please visit %s and enter code: %s\n", authURL, userCode)
@@ -1956,9 +1994,13 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGitHubToken(c *gin.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 
-		username, errUser := deviceClient.FetchUserInfo(ctx, tokenData.AccessToken)
+		userInfo, errUser := deviceClient.FetchUserInfo(ctx, tokenData.AccessToken)
 		if errUser != nil {
 			log.Warnf("Failed to fetch user info: %v", errUser)
+		}
+
+		username := userInfo.Login
+		if username == "" {
 			username = "github-user"
 		}
 
@@ -1967,18 +2009,26 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGitHubToken(c *gin.Context) {
 			TokenType:   tokenData.TokenType,
 			Scope:       tokenData.Scope,
 			Username:    username,
+			Email:       userInfo.Email,
+			Name:        userInfo.Name,
 			Type:        "github-copilot",
 		}
 
-		fileName := fmt.Sprintf("github-%s.json", username)
+		fileName := fmt.Sprintf("github-copilot-%s.json", username)
+		label := userInfo.Email
+		if label == "" {
+			label = username
+		}
 		record := &coreauth.Auth{
 			ID:       fileName,
-			Provider: "github",
+			Provider: "github-copilot",
+			Label:    label,
 			FileName: fileName,
 			Storage:  tokenStorage,
 			Metadata: map[string]any{
-				"email":    username,
+				"email":    userInfo.Email,
 				"username": username,
+				"name":     userInfo.Name,
 			},
 		}
 
@@ -1992,7 +2042,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGitHubToken(c *gin.Context) {
 		fmt.Printf("Authentication successful! Token saved to %s\n", savedPath)
 		fmt.Println("You can now use GitHub Copilot services through this CLI")
 		CompleteOAuthSession(state)
-		CompleteOAuthSessionsByProvider("github")
+		CompleteOAuthSessionsByProvider("github-copilot")
 	}()
 
 	c.JSON(200, gin.H{
@@ -2371,9 +2421,7 @@ func callGeminiCLI(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, endpoint string
 		return fmt.Errorf("create request: %w", errRequest)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", geminiCLIUserAgent)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Goog-Api-Client", geminiCLIApiClient)
-	req.Header.Set("Client-Metadata", geminiCLIClientMetadata)
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.GeminiCLIUserAgent(""))
 
 	resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
 	if errDo != nil {
@@ -2443,7 +2491,7 @@ func checkCloudAPIIsEnabled(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, projec
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", errRequest)
 		}
 		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", geminiCLIUserAgent)
+		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.GeminiCLIUserAgent(""))
 		resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to execute request: %w", errDo)
@@ -2464,7 +2512,7 @@ func checkCloudAPIIsEnabled(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, projec
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", errRequest)
 		}
 		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", geminiCLIUserAgent)
+		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.GeminiCLIUserAgent(""))
 		resp, errDo = httpClient.Do(req)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to execute request: %w", errDo)
@@ -2541,6 +2589,7 @@ func PopulateAuthContext(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context) context.Context {
 	}
 	return coreauth.WithRequestInfo(ctx, info)
 }
+
 const kiroCallbackPort = 9876
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestKiroToken(c *gin.Context) {
@@ -2677,6 +2726,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestKiroToken(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 
 		isWebUI := isWebUIRequest(c)
+		var forwarder *callbackForwarder
 		if isWebUI {
 			targetURL, errTarget := h.managementCallbackURL("/kiro/callback")
 			if errTarget != nil {
@@ -2684,7 +2734,8 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestKiroToken(c *gin.Context) {
 				c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "callback server unavailable"})
 				return
 			}
-			if _, errStart := startCallbackForwarder(kiroCallbackPort, "kiro", targetURL); errStart != nil {
+			var errStart error
+			if forwarder, errStart = startCallbackForwarder(kiroCallbackPort, "kiro", targetURL); errStart != nil {
 				log.WithError(errStart).Error("failed to start kiro callback forwarder")
 				c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "failed to start callback server"})
 				return
@@ -2693,7 +2744,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestKiroToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 		go func() {
 			if isWebUI {
-				defer stopCallbackForwarder(kiroCallbackPort)
+				defer stopCallbackForwarderInstance(kiroCallbackPort, forwarder)
 			}
 
 			socialClient := kiroauth.NewSocialAuthClient(h.cfg)
@@ -2896,7 +2947,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestKiloToken(c *gin.Context) {
 			Metadata: map[string]any{
 				"email":           status.UserEmail,
 				"organization_id": orgID,
-				"model":          defaults.Model,
+				"model":           defaults.Model,
 			},
 		}
 

internal/api/handlers/management/auth_files_delete_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package management
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+)
+
+func TestDeleteAuthFile_UsesAuthPathFromManager(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("MANAGEMENT_PASSWORD", "")
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	authDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "auth")
+	externalDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "external")
+	if errMkdirAuth := os.MkdirAll(authDir, 0o700); errMkdirAuth != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create auth dir: %v", errMkdirAuth)
+	}
+	if errMkdirExternal := os.MkdirAll(externalDir, 0o700); errMkdirExternal != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create external dir: %v", errMkdirExternal)
+	}
+
+	fileName := "codex-user@example.com-plus.json"
+	shadowPath := filepath.Join(authDir, fileName)
+	realPath := filepath.Join(externalDir, fileName)
+	if errWriteShadow := os.WriteFile(shadowPath, []byte(`{"type":"codex","email":"shadow@example.com"}`), 0o600); errWriteShadow != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write shadow file: %v", errWriteShadow)
+	}
+	if errWriteReal := os.WriteFile(realPath, []byte(`{"type":"codex","email":"real@example.com"}`), 0o600); errWriteReal != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write real file: %v", errWriteReal)
+	}
+
+	manager := coreauth.NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	record := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:          "legacy/" + fileName,
+		FileName:    fileName,
+		Provider:    "codex",
+		Status:      coreauth.StatusError,
+		Unavailable: true,
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"path": realPath,
+		},
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"type":  "codex",
+			"email": "real@example.com",
+		},
+	}
+	if _, errRegister := manager.Register(context.Background(), record); errRegister != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to register auth record: %v", errRegister)
+	}
+
+	h := NewHandlerWithoutConfigFilePath(&config.Config{AuthDir: authDir}, manager)
+	h.tokenStore = &memoryAuthStore{}
+
+	deleteRec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	deleteCtx, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(deleteRec)
+	deleteReq := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodDelete, "/v0/management/auth-files?name="+url.QueryEscape(fileName), nil)
+	deleteCtx.Request = deleteReq
+	h.DeleteAuthFile(deleteCtx)
+
+	if deleteRec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected delete status %d, got %d with body %s", http.StatusOK, deleteRec.Code, deleteRec.Body.String())
+	}
+	if _, errStatReal := os.Stat(realPath); !os.IsNotExist(errStatReal) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected managed auth file to be removed, stat err: %v", errStatReal)
+	}
+	if _, errStatShadow := os.Stat(shadowPath); errStatShadow != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected shadow auth file to remain, stat err: %v", errStatShadow)
+	}
+
+	listRec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	listCtx, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(listRec)
+	listReq := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v0/management/auth-files", nil)
+	listCtx.Request = listReq
+	h.ListAuthFiles(listCtx)
+
+	if listRec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected list status %d, got %d with body %s", http.StatusOK, listRec.Code, listRec.Body.String())
+	}
+	var listPayload map[string]any
+	if errUnmarshal := json.Unmarshal(listRec.Body.Bytes(), &listPayload); errUnmarshal != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode list payload: %v", errUnmarshal)
+	}
+	filesRaw, ok := listPayload["files"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected files array, payload: %#v", listPayload)
+	}
+	if len(filesRaw) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected removed auth to be hidden from list, got %d entries", len(filesRaw))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeleteAuthFile_FallbackToAuthDirPath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("MANAGEMENT_PASSWORD", "")
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	authDir := t.TempDir()
+	fileName := "fallback-user.json"
+	filePath := filepath.Join(authDir, fileName)
+	if errWrite := os.WriteFile(filePath, []byte(`{"type":"codex"}`), 0o600); errWrite != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write auth file: %v", errWrite)
+	}
+
+	manager := coreauth.NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	h := NewHandlerWithoutConfigFilePath(&config.Config{AuthDir: authDir}, manager)
+	h.tokenStore = &memoryAuthStore{}
+
+	deleteRec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	deleteCtx, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(deleteRec)
+	deleteReq := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodDelete, "/v0/management/auth-files?name="+url.QueryEscape(fileName), nil)
+	deleteCtx.Request = deleteReq
+	h.DeleteAuthFile(deleteCtx)
+
+	if deleteRec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected delete status %d, got %d with body %s", http.StatusOK, deleteRec.Code, deleteRec.Body.String())
+	}
+	if _, errStat := os.Stat(filePath); !os.IsNotExist(errStat) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected auth file to be removed from auth dir, stat err: %v", errStat)
+	}
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go

@@ -516,12 +516,13 @@ func (h *Handler) PutVertexCompatKeys(c *gin.Context) {
 }
 func (h *Handler) PatchVertexCompatKey(c *gin.Context) {
 	type vertexCompatPatch struct {
-		APIKey   *string                     `json:"api-key"`
-		Prefix   *string                     `json:"prefix"`
-		BaseURL  *string                     `json:"base-url"`
-		ProxyURL *string                     `json:"proxy-url"`
-		Headers  *map[string]string          `json:"headers"`
-		Models   *[]config.VertexCompatModel `json:"models"`
+		APIKey         *string                     `json:"api-key"`
+		Prefix         *string                     `json:"prefix"`
+		BaseURL        *string                     `json:"base-url"`
+		ProxyURL       *string                     `json:"proxy-url"`
+		Headers        *map[string]string          `json:"headers"`
+		Models         *[]config.VertexCompatModel `json:"models"`
+		ExcludedModels *[]string                   `json:"excluded-models"`
 	}
 	var body struct {
 		Index *int               `json:"index"`
@@ -585,6 +586,9 @@ func (h *Handler) PatchVertexCompatKey(c *gin.Context) {
 	if body.Value.Models != nil {
 		entry.Models = append([]config.VertexCompatModel(nil), (*body.Value.Models)...)
 	}
+	if body.Value.ExcludedModels != nil {
+		entry.ExcludedModels = config.NormalizeExcludedModels(*body.Value.ExcludedModels)
+	}
 	normalizeVertexCompatKey(&entry)
 	h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[targetIndex] = entry
 	h.cfg.SanitizeVertexCompatKeys()
@@ -1029,6 +1033,7 @@ func normalizeVertexCompatKey(entry *config.VertexCompatKey) {
 	entry.BaseURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
 	entry.ProxyURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
 	entry.Headers = config.NormalizeHeaders(entry.Headers)
+	entry.ExcludedModels = config.NormalizeExcludedModels(entry.ExcludedModels)
 	if len(entry.Models) == 0 {
 		return
 	}

internal/api/modules/amp/proxy.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ func createReverseProxy(upstreamURL string, secretSource SecretSource) (*httputi
 		req.Header.Del("X-Api-Key")
 		req.Header.Del("X-Goog-Api-Key")
 
+		// Remove proxy, client identity, and browser fingerprint headers
+		misc.ScrubProxyAndFingerprintHeaders(req)
+
 		// Remove query-based credentials if they match the authenticated client API key.
 		// This prevents leaking client auth material to the Amp upstream while avoiding
 		// breaking unrelated upstream query parameters.

internal/api/server.go

@@ -60,10 +60,8 @@ type ServerOption func(*serverOptionConfig)
 
 func defaultRequestLoggerFactory(cfg *config.Config, configPath string) logging.RequestLogger {
 	configDir := filepath.Dir(configPath)
-	if base := util.WritablePath(); base != "" {
-		return logging.NewFileRequestLogger(cfg.RequestLog, filepath.Join(base, "logs"), configDir, cfg.ErrorLogsMaxFiles)
-	}
-	return logging.NewFileRequestLogger(cfg.RequestLog, "logs", configDir, cfg.ErrorLogsMaxFiles)
+	logsDir := logging.ResolveLogDirectory(cfg)
+	return logging.NewFileRequestLogger(cfg.RequestLog, logsDir, configDir, cfg.ErrorLogsMaxFiles)
 }
 
 // WithMiddleware appends additional Gin middleware during server construction.
@@ -260,7 +258,7 @@ func NewServer(cfg *config.Config, authManager *auth.Manager, accessManager *sdk
 	s.oldConfigYaml, _ = yaml.Marshal(cfg)
 	s.applyAccessConfig(nil, cfg)
 	if authManager != nil {
-		authManager.SetRetryConfig(cfg.RequestRetry, time.Duration(cfg.MaxRetryInterval)*time.Second)
+		authManager.SetRetryConfig(cfg.RequestRetry, time.Duration(cfg.MaxRetryInterval)*time.Second, cfg.MaxRetryCredentials)
 	}
 	managementasset.SetCurrentConfig(cfg)
 	auth.SetQuotaCooldownDisabled(cfg.DisableCooling)
@@ -946,7 +944,7 @@ func (s *Server) UpdateClients(cfg *config.Config) {
 	}
 
 	if s.handlers != nil && s.handlers.AuthManager != nil {
-		s.handlers.AuthManager.SetRetryConfig(cfg.RequestRetry, time.Duration(cfg.MaxRetryInterval)*time.Second)
+		s.handlers.AuthManager.SetRetryConfig(cfg.RequestRetry, time.Duration(cfg.MaxRetryInterval)*time.Second, cfg.MaxRetryCredentials)
 	}
 
 	// Update log level dynamically when debug flag changes

internal/api/server_test.go

@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	gin "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	proxyconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	internallogging "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/logging"
 	sdkaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	sdkconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
@@ -109,3 +111,100 @@ func TestAmpProviderModelRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestDefaultRequestLoggerFactory_UsesResolvedLogDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("WRITABLE_PATH", "")
+	t.Setenv("writable_path", "")
+
+	originalWD, errGetwd := os.Getwd()
+	if errGetwd != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get current working directory: %v", errGetwd)
+	}
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	if errChdir := os.Chdir(tmpDir); errChdir != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to switch working directory: %v", errChdir)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if errChdirBack := os.Chdir(originalWD); errChdirBack != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to restore working directory: %v", errChdirBack)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Force ResolveLogDirectory to fallback to auth-dir/logs by making ./logs not a writable directory.
+	if errWriteFile := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "logs"), []byte("not-a-directory"), 0o644); errWriteFile != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create blocking logs file: %v", errWriteFile)
+	}
+
+	configDir := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config")
+	if errMkdirConfig := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0o755); errMkdirConfig != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create config dir: %v", errMkdirConfig)
+	}
+	configPath := filepath.Join(configDir, "config.yaml")
+
+	authDir := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "auth")
+	if errMkdirAuth := os.MkdirAll(authDir, 0o700); errMkdirAuth != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create auth dir: %v", errMkdirAuth)
+	}
+
+	cfg := &proxyconfig.Config{
+		SDKConfig: proxyconfig.SDKConfig{
+			RequestLog: false,
+		},
+		AuthDir:           authDir,
+		ErrorLogsMaxFiles: 10,
+	}
+
+	logger := defaultRequestLoggerFactory(cfg, configPath)
+	fileLogger, ok := logger.(*internallogging.FileRequestLogger)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *FileRequestLogger, got %T", logger)
+	}
+
+	errLog := fileLogger.LogRequestWithOptions(
+		"/v1/chat/completions",
+		http.MethodPost,
+		map[string][]string{"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"}},
+		[]byte(`{"input":"hello"}`),
+		http.StatusBadGateway,
+		map[string][]string{"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"}},
+		[]byte(`{"error":"upstream failure"}`),
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		true,
+		"issue-1711",
+		time.Now(),
+		time.Now(),
+	)
+	if errLog != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write forced error request log: %v", errLog)
+	}
+
+	authLogsDir := filepath.Join(authDir, "logs")
+	authEntries, errReadAuthDir := os.ReadDir(authLogsDir)
+	if errReadAuthDir != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read auth logs dir %s: %v", authLogsDir, errReadAuthDir)
+	}
+	foundErrorLogInAuthDir := false
+	for _, entry := range authEntries {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(entry.Name(), "error-") && strings.HasSuffix(entry.Name(), ".log") {
+			foundErrorLogInAuthDir = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !foundErrorLogInAuthDir {
+		t.Fatalf("expected forced error log in auth fallback dir %s, got entries: %+v", authLogsDir, authEntries)
+	}
+
+	configLogsDir := filepath.Join(configDir, "logs")
+	configEntries, errReadConfigDir := os.ReadDir(configLogsDir)
+	if errReadConfigDir != nil && !os.IsNotExist(errReadConfigDir) {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to inspect config logs dir %s: %v", configLogsDir, errReadConfigDir)
+	}
+	for _, entry := range configEntries {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(entry.Name(), "error-") && strings.HasSuffix(entry.Name(), ".log") {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected forced error log in config dir %s", configLogsDir)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/auth/claude/utls_transport.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/net/proxy"
 )
 
-// utlsRoundTripper implements http.RoundTripper using utls with Firefox fingerprint
+// utlsRoundTripper implements http.RoundTripper using utls with Chrome fingerprint
 // to bypass Cloudflare's TLS fingerprinting on Anthropic domains.
 type utlsRoundTripper struct {
 	// mu protects the connections map and pending map
@@ -100,7 +100,9 @@ func (t *utlsRoundTripper) getOrCreateConnection(host, addr string) (*http2.Clie
 	return h2Conn, nil
 }
 
-// createConnection creates a new HTTP/2 connection with Firefox TLS fingerprint
+// createConnection creates a new HTTP/2 connection with Chrome TLS fingerprint.
+// Chrome's TLS fingerprint is closer to Node.js/OpenSSL (which real Claude Code uses)
+// than Firefox, reducing the mismatch between TLS layer and HTTP headers.
 func (t *utlsRoundTripper) createConnection(host, addr string) (*http2.ClientConn, error) {
 	conn, err := t.dialer.Dial("tcp", addr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ func (t *utlsRoundTripper) createConnection(host, addr string) (*http2.ClientCon
 	}
 
 	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{ServerName: host}
-	tlsConn := tls.UClient(conn, tlsConfig, tls.HelloFirefox_Auto)
+	tlsConn := tls.UClient(conn, tlsConfig, tls.HelloChrome_Auto)
 
 	if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
 		conn.Close()
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ func (t *utlsRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
 }
 
 // NewAnthropicHttpClient creates an HTTP client that bypasses TLS fingerprinting
-// for Anthropic domains by using utls with Firefox fingerprint.
+// for Anthropic domains by using utls with Chrome fingerprint.
 // It accepts optional SDK configuration for proxy settings.
 func NewAnthropicHttpClient(cfg *config.SDKConfig) *http.Client {
 	return &http.Client{

internal/auth/copilot/copilot_auth.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
@@ -82,15 +84,21 @@ func (c *CopilotAuth) WaitForAuthorization(ctx context.Context, deviceCode *Devi
 	}
 
 	// Fetch the GitHub username
-	username, err := c.deviceClient.FetchUserInfo(ctx, tokenData.AccessToken)
+	userInfo, err := c.deviceClient.FetchUserInfo(ctx, tokenData.AccessToken)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Warnf("copilot: failed to fetch user info: %v", err)
-		username = "unknown"
+	}
+
+	username := userInfo.Login
+	if username == "" {
+		username = "github-user"
 	}
 
 	return &CopilotAuthBundle{
 		TokenData: tokenData,
 		Username:  username,
+		Email:     userInfo.Email,
+		Name:      userInfo.Name,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -150,12 +158,12 @@ func (c *CopilotAuth) ValidateToken(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (bo
 		return false, "", nil
 	}
 
-	username, err := c.deviceClient.FetchUserInfo(ctx, accessToken)
+	userInfo, err := c.deviceClient.FetchUserInfo(ctx, accessToken)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, "", err
 	}
 
-	return true, username, nil
+	return true, userInfo.Login, nil
 }
 
 // CreateTokenStorage creates a new CopilotTokenStorage from auth bundle.
@@ -165,6 +173,8 @@ func (c *CopilotAuth) CreateTokenStorage(bundle *CopilotAuthBundle) *CopilotToke
 		TokenType:   bundle.TokenData.TokenType,
 		Scope:       bundle.TokenData.Scope,
 		Username:    bundle.Username,
+		Email:       bundle.Email,
+		Name:        bundle.Name,
 		Type:        "github-copilot",
 	}
 }
@@ -214,6 +224,97 @@ func (c *CopilotAuth) MakeAuthenticatedRequest(ctx context.Context, method, url
 	return req, nil
 }
 
+// CopilotModelEntry represents a single model entry returned by the Copilot /models API.
+type CopilotModelEntry struct {
+	ID           string         `json:"id"`
+	Object       string         `json:"object"`
+	Created      int64          `json:"created"`
+	OwnedBy      string         `json:"owned_by"`
+	Name         string         `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	Version      string         `json:"version,omitempty"`
+	Capabilities map[string]any `json:"capabilities,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// CopilotModelsResponse represents the response from the Copilot /models endpoint.
+type CopilotModelsResponse struct {
+	Data   []CopilotModelEntry `json:"data"`
+	Object string              `json:"object"`
+}
+
+// maxModelsResponseSize is the maximum allowed response size from the /models endpoint (2 MB).
+const maxModelsResponseSize = 2 * 1024 * 1024
+
+// allowedCopilotAPIHosts is the set of hosts that are considered safe for Copilot API requests.
+var allowedCopilotAPIHosts = map[string]bool{
+	"api.githubcopilot.com":          true,
+	"api.individual.githubcopilot.com": true,
+	"api.business.githubcopilot.com":   true,
+	"copilot-proxy.githubusercontent.com": true,
+}
+
+// ListModels fetches the list of available models from the Copilot API.
+// It requires a valid Copilot API token (not the GitHub access token).
+func (c *CopilotAuth) ListModels(ctx context.Context, apiToken *CopilotAPIToken) ([]CopilotModelEntry, error) {
+	if apiToken == nil || apiToken.Token == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("copilot: api token is required for listing models")
+	}
+
+	// Build models URL, validating the endpoint host to prevent SSRF.
+	modelsURL := copilotAPIEndpoint + "/models"
+	if ep := strings.TrimRight(apiToken.Endpoints.API, "/"); ep != "" {
+		parsed, err := url.Parse(ep)
+		if err == nil && parsed.Scheme == "https" && allowedCopilotAPIHosts[parsed.Host] {
+			modelsURL = ep + "/models"
+		} else {
+			log.Warnf("copilot: ignoring untrusted API endpoint %q, using default", ep)
+		}
+	}
+
+	req, err := c.MakeAuthenticatedRequest(ctx, http.MethodGet, modelsURL, nil, apiToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("copilot: failed to create models request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("copilot: models request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+			log.Errorf("copilot list models: close body error: %v", errClose)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Limit response body to prevent memory exhaustion.
+	limitedReader := io.LimitReader(resp.Body, maxModelsResponseSize)
+	bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(limitedReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("copilot: failed to read models response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !isHTTPSuccess(resp.StatusCode) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("copilot: list models failed with status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(bodyBytes))
+	}
+
+	var modelsResp CopilotModelsResponse
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &modelsResp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("copilot: failed to parse models response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return modelsResp.Data, nil
+}
+
+// ListModelsWithGitHubToken is a convenience method that exchanges a GitHub access token
+// for a Copilot API token and then fetches the available models.
+func (c *CopilotAuth) ListModelsWithGitHubToken(ctx context.Context, githubAccessToken string) ([]CopilotModelEntry, error) {
+	apiToken, err := c.GetCopilotAPIToken(ctx, githubAccessToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("copilot: failed to get API token for model listing: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return c.ListModels(ctx, apiToken)
+}
+
 // buildChatCompletionURL builds the URL for chat completions API.
 func buildChatCompletionURL() string {
 	return copilotAPIEndpoint + "/chat/completions"

internal/auth/copilot/oauth.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func NewDeviceFlowClient(cfg *config.Config) *DeviceFlowClient {
 func (c *DeviceFlowClient) RequestDeviceCode(ctx context.Context) (*DeviceCodeResponse, error) {
 	data := url.Values{}
 	data.Set("client_id", copilotClientID)
-	data.Set("scope", "user:email")
+	data.Set("scope", "read:user user:email")
 
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, copilotDeviceCodeURL, strings.NewReader(data.Encode()))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -211,15 +211,25 @@ func (c *DeviceFlowClient) exchangeDeviceCode(ctx context.Context, deviceCode st
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// FetchUserInfo retrieves the GitHub username for the authenticated user.
-func (c *DeviceFlowClient) FetchUserInfo(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (string, error) {
+// GitHubUserInfo holds GitHub user profile information.
+type GitHubUserInfo struct {
+	// Login is the GitHub username.
+	Login string
+	// Email is the primary email address (may be empty if not public).
+	Email string
+	// Name is the display name.
+	Name string
+}
+
+// FetchUserInfo retrieves the GitHub user profile for the authenticated user.
+func (c *DeviceFlowClient) FetchUserInfo(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (GitHubUserInfo, error) {
 	if accessToken == "" {
-		return "", NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, fmt.Errorf("access token is empty"))
+		return GitHubUserInfo{}, NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, fmt.Errorf("access token is empty"))
 	}
 
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, copilotUserInfoURL, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, err)
+		return GitHubUserInfo{}, NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, err)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
@@ -227,7 +237,7 @@ func (c *DeviceFlowClient) FetchUserInfo(ctx context.Context, accessToken string
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, err)
+		return GitHubUserInfo{}, NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
@@ -237,19 +247,25 @@ func (c *DeviceFlowClient) FetchUserInfo(ctx context.Context, accessToken string
 
 	if !isHTTPSuccess(resp.StatusCode) {
 		bodyBytes, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-		return "", NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, fmt.Errorf("status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(bodyBytes)))
+		return GitHubUserInfo{}, NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, fmt.Errorf("status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(bodyBytes)))
 	}
 
-	var userInfo struct {
+	var raw struct {
 		Login string `json:"login"`
+		Email string `json:"email"`
+		Name  string `json:"name"`
 	}
-	if err = json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&userInfo); err != nil {
-		return "", NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, err)
+	if err = json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&raw); err != nil {
+		return GitHubUserInfo{}, NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, err)
 	}
 
-	if userInfo.Login == "" {
-		return "", NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, fmt.Errorf("empty username"))
+	if raw.Login == "" {
+		return GitHubUserInfo{}, NewAuthenticationError(ErrUserInfoFailed, fmt.Errorf("empty username"))
 	}
 
-	return userInfo.Login, nil
+	return GitHubUserInfo{
+		Login: raw.Login,
+		Email: raw.Email,
+		Name:  raw.Name,
+	}, nil
 }

internal/auth/copilot/oauth_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+package copilot
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// roundTripFunc lets us inject a custom transport for testing.
+type roundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+
+func (f roundTripFunc) RoundTrip(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) { return f(r) }
+
+// newTestClient returns an *http.Client whose requests are redirected to the given test server,
+// regardless of the original URL host.
+func newTestClient(srv *httptest.Server) *http.Client {
+	return &http.Client{
+		Transport: roundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			req2 := req.Clone(req.Context())
+			req2.URL.Scheme = "http"
+			req2.URL.Host = strings.TrimPrefix(srv.URL, "http://")
+			return srv.Client().Transport.RoundTrip(req2)
+		}),
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFetchUserInfo_FullProfile verifies that FetchUserInfo returns login, email, and name.
+func TestFetchUserInfo_FullProfile(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(r.Header.Get("Authorization"), "Bearer ") {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
+			return
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{
+			"login": "octocat",
+			"email": "octocat@github.com",
+			"name":  "The Octocat",
+		})
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	client := &DeviceFlowClient{httpClient: newTestClient(srv)}
+	info, err := client.FetchUserInfo(context.Background(), "test-token")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if info.Login != "octocat" {
+		t.Errorf("Login: got %q, want %q", info.Login, "octocat")
+	}
+	if info.Email != "octocat@github.com" {
+		t.Errorf("Email: got %q, want %q", info.Email, "octocat@github.com")
+	}
+	if info.Name != "The Octocat" {
+		t.Errorf("Name: got %q, want %q", info.Name, "The Octocat")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFetchUserInfo_EmptyEmail verifies graceful handling when email is absent (private account).
+func TestFetchUserInfo_EmptyEmail(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		// GitHub returns null for private emails.
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"login":"privateuser","email":null,"name":"Private User"}`))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	client := &DeviceFlowClient{httpClient: newTestClient(srv)}
+	info, err := client.FetchUserInfo(context.Background(), "test-token")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if info.Login != "privateuser" {
+		t.Errorf("Login: got %q, want %q", info.Login, "privateuser")
+	}
+	if info.Email != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Email: got %q, want empty string", info.Email)
+	}
+	if info.Name != "Private User" {
+		t.Errorf("Name: got %q, want %q", info.Name, "Private User")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFetchUserInfo_EmptyToken verifies error is returned for empty access token.
+func TestFetchUserInfo_EmptyToken(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &DeviceFlowClient{httpClient: http.DefaultClient}
+	_, err := client.FetchUserInfo(context.Background(), "")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for empty token, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFetchUserInfo_EmptyLogin verifies error is returned when API returns no login.
+func TestFetchUserInfo_EmptyLogin(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"email":"someone@example.com","name":"No Login"}`))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	client := &DeviceFlowClient{httpClient: newTestClient(srv)}
+	_, err := client.FetchUserInfo(context.Background(), "test-token")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for empty login, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFetchUserInfo_HTTPError verifies error is returned on non-2xx response.
+func TestFetchUserInfo_HTTPError(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"message":"Bad credentials"}`))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	client := &DeviceFlowClient{httpClient: newTestClient(srv)}
+	_, err := client.FetchUserInfo(context.Background(), "bad-token")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for 401 response, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCopilotTokenStorage_EmailNameFields verifies Email and Name serialise correctly.
+func TestCopilotTokenStorage_EmailNameFields(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := &CopilotTokenStorage{
+		AccessToken: "ghu_abc",
+		TokenType:   "bearer",
+		Scope:       "read:user user:email",
+		Username:    "octocat",
+		Email:       "octocat@github.com",
+		Name:        "The Octocat",
+		Type:        "github-copilot",
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(ts)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("marshal error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var out map[string]any
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, key := range []string{"access_token", "username", "email", "name", "type"} {
+		if _, ok := out[key]; !ok {
+			t.Errorf("expected key %q in JSON output, not found", key)
+		}
+	}
+	if out["email"] != "octocat@github.com" {
+		t.Errorf("email: got %v, want %q", out["email"], "octocat@github.com")
+	}
+	if out["name"] != "The Octocat" {
+		t.Errorf("name: got %v, want %q", out["name"], "The Octocat")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCopilotTokenStorage_OmitEmptyEmailName verifies email/name are omitted when empty (omitempty).
+func TestCopilotTokenStorage_OmitEmptyEmailName(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := &CopilotTokenStorage{
+		AccessToken: "ghu_abc",
+		Username:    "octocat",
+		Type:        "github-copilot",
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(ts)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("marshal error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var out map[string]any
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := out["email"]; ok {
+		t.Error("email key should be omitted when empty (omitempty), but was present")
+	}
+	if _, ok := out["name"]; ok {
+		t.Error("name key should be omitted when empty (omitempty), but was present")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCopilotAuthBundle_EmailNameFields verifies bundle carries email and name through the pipeline.
+func TestCopilotAuthBundle_EmailNameFields(t *testing.T) {
+	bundle := &CopilotAuthBundle{
+		TokenData: &CopilotTokenData{AccessToken: "ghu_abc"},
+		Username:  "octocat",
+		Email:     "octocat@github.com",
+		Name:      "The Octocat",
+	}
+	if bundle.Email != "octocat@github.com" {
+		t.Errorf("bundle.Email: got %q, want %q", bundle.Email, "octocat@github.com")
+	}
+	if bundle.Name != "The Octocat" {
+		t.Errorf("bundle.Name: got %q, want %q", bundle.Name, "The Octocat")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGitHubUserInfo_Struct verifies the exported GitHubUserInfo struct fields are accessible.
+func TestGitHubUserInfo_Struct(t *testing.T) {
+	info := GitHubUserInfo{
+		Login: "octocat",
+		Email: "octocat@github.com",
+		Name:  "The Octocat",
+	}
+	if info.Login == "" || info.Email == "" || info.Name == "" {
+		t.Error("GitHubUserInfo fields should not be empty")
+	}
+}

internal/auth/copilot/token.go

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ type CopilotTokenStorage struct {
 	ExpiresAt string `json:"expires_at,omitempty"`
 	// Username is the GitHub username associated with this token.
 	Username string `json:"username"`
+	// Email is the GitHub email address associated with this token.
+	Email string `json:"email,omitempty"`
+	// Name is the GitHub display name associated with this token.
+	Name string `json:"name,omitempty"`
 	// Type indicates the authentication provider type, always "github-copilot" for this storage.
 	Type string `json:"type"`
 }
@@ -46,6 +50,10 @@ type CopilotAuthBundle struct {
 	TokenData *CopilotTokenData
 	// Username is the GitHub username.
 	Username string
+	// Email is the GitHub email address.
+	Email string
+	// Name is the GitHub display name.
+	Name string
 }
 
 // DeviceCodeResponse represents GitHub's device code response.

internal/auth/kiro/aws.go

@@ -7,10 +7,13 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
 // PKCECodes holds PKCE verification codes for OAuth2 PKCE flow
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ type KiroTokenData struct {
 	Email string `json:"email,omitempty"`
 	// StartURL is the IDC/Identity Center start URL (only for IDC auth method)
 	StartURL string `json:"startUrl,omitempty"`
-	// Region is the AWS region for IDC authentication (only for IDC auth method)
+	// Region is the OIDC region for IDC login and token refresh
 	Region string `json:"region,omitempty"`
 }
 
@@ -520,3 +523,159 @@ func GenerateTokenFileName(tokenData *KiroTokenData) string {
 	// Priority 3: Fallback to authMethod only with sequence
 	return fmt.Sprintf("kiro-%s-%05d.json", authMethod, seq)
 }
+
+// DefaultKiroRegion is the fallback region when none is specified.
+const DefaultKiroRegion = "us-east-1"
+
+// GetCodeWhispererLegacyEndpoint returns the legacy CodeWhisperer JSON-RPC endpoint.
+// This endpoint supports JSON-RPC style requests with x-amz-target headers.
+// The Q endpoint (q.{region}.amazonaws.com) does NOT support JSON-RPC style.
+func GetCodeWhispererLegacyEndpoint(region string) string {
+	if region == "" {
+		region = DefaultKiroRegion
+	}
+	return "https://codewhisperer." + region + ".amazonaws.com"
+}
+
+// ProfileARN represents a parsed AWS CodeWhisperer profile ARN.
+// ARN format: arn:partition:service:region:account-id:resource-type/resource-id
+// Example: arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABCDEFGHIJKL
+type ProfileARN struct {
+	// Raw is the original ARN string
+	Raw string
+	// Partition is the AWS partition (aws)
+	Partition string
+	// Service is the AWS service name (codewhisperer)
+	Service string
+	// Region is the AWS region (us-east-1, ap-southeast-1, etc.)
+	Region string
+	// AccountID is the AWS account ID
+	AccountID string
+	// ResourceType is the resource type (profile)
+	ResourceType string
+	// ResourceID is the resource identifier (e.g., ABCDEFGHIJKL)
+	ResourceID string
+}
+
+// ParseProfileARN parses an AWS ARN string into a ProfileARN struct.
+// Returns nil if the ARN is empty, invalid, or not a codewhisperer ARN.
+func ParseProfileARN(arn string) *ProfileARN {
+	if arn == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// ARN format: arn:partition:service:region:account-id:resource
+	// Minimum 6 parts separated by ":"
+	parts := strings.Split(arn, ":")
+	if len(parts) < 6 {
+		log.Warnf("invalid ARN format: %s", arn)
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Validate ARN prefix
+	if parts[0] != "arn" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Validate partition
+	partition := parts[1]
+	if partition == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Validate service is codewhisperer
+	service := parts[2]
+	if service != "codewhisperer" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Validate region format (must contain "-")
+	region := parts[3]
+	if region == "" || !strings.Contains(region, "-") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Account ID
+	accountID := parts[4]
+
+	// Parse resource (format: resource-type/resource-id)
+	// Join remaining parts in case resource contains ":"
+	resource := strings.Join(parts[5:], ":")
+	resourceType := ""
+	resourceID := ""
+	if idx := strings.Index(resource, "/"); idx > 0 {
+		resourceType = resource[:idx]
+		resourceID = resource[idx+1:]
+	} else {
+		resourceType = resource
+	}
+
+	return &ProfileARN{
+		Raw:          arn,
+		Partition:    partition,
+		Service:      service,
+		Region:       region,
+		AccountID:    accountID,
+		ResourceType: resourceType,
+		ResourceID:   resourceID,
+	}
+}
+
+// GetKiroAPIEndpoint returns the Q API endpoint for the specified region.
+// If region is empty, defaults to us-east-1.
+func GetKiroAPIEndpoint(region string) string {
+	if region == "" {
+		region = DefaultKiroRegion
+	}
+	return "https://q." + region + ".amazonaws.com"
+}
+
+// GetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn extracts region from profileArn and returns the endpoint.
+// Returns default us-east-1 endpoint if region cannot be extracted.
+func GetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn(profileArn string) string {
+	region := ExtractRegionFromProfileArn(profileArn)
+	return GetKiroAPIEndpoint(region)
+}
+
+// ExtractRegionFromProfileArn extracts the AWS region from a ProfileARN string.
+// Returns empty string if ARN is invalid or region cannot be extracted.
+func ExtractRegionFromProfileArn(profileArn string) string {
+	parsed := ParseProfileARN(profileArn)
+	if parsed == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return parsed.Region
+}
+
+// ExtractRegionFromMetadata extracts API region from auth metadata.
+// Priority: api_region > profile_arn > DefaultKiroRegion
+func ExtractRegionFromMetadata(metadata map[string]interface{}) string {
+	if metadata == nil {
+		return DefaultKiroRegion
+	}
+
+	// Priority 1: Explicit api_region override
+	if r, ok := metadata["api_region"].(string); ok && r != "" {
+		return r
+	}
+
+	// Priority 2: Extract from ProfileARN
+	if profileArn, ok := metadata["profile_arn"].(string); ok && profileArn != "" {
+		if region := ExtractRegionFromProfileArn(profileArn); region != "" {
+			return region
+		}
+	}
+
+	return DefaultKiroRegion
+}
+
+func buildURL(endpoint, path string, queryParams map[string]string) string {
+	fullURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", endpoint, path)
+	if len(queryParams) > 0 {
+		values := url.Values{}
+		for key, value := range queryParams {
+			if value == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			values.Set(key, value)
+		}
+		if encoded := values.Encode(); encoded != "" {
+			fullURL = fullURL + "?" + encoded
+		}
+	}
+	return fullURL
+}

internal/auth/kiro/aws_auth.go

@@ -19,15 +19,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	// awsKiroEndpoint is used for CodeWhisperer management APIs (GetUsageLimits, ListProfiles, etc.)
-	// Note: This is different from the Amazon Q streaming endpoint (q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com)
-	// used in kiro_executor.go for GenerateAssistantResponse. Both endpoints are correct
-	// for their respective API operations.
-	awsKiroEndpoint     = "https://codewhisperer.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
-	defaultTokenFile    = "~/.aws/sso/cache/kiro-auth-token.json"
-	targetGetUsage      = "AmazonCodeWhispererService.GetUsageLimits"
-	targetListModels    = "AmazonCodeWhispererService.ListAvailableModels"
-	targetGenerateChat  = "AmazonCodeWhispererStreamingService.GenerateAssistantResponse"
+	pathGetUsageLimits      = "getUsageLimits"
+	pathListAvailableModels = "ListAvailableModels"
 )
 
 // KiroAuth handles AWS CodeWhisperer authentication and API communication.
@@ -35,7 +28,6 @@ const (
 // and communicating with the CodeWhisperer API.
 type KiroAuth struct {
 	httpClient *http.Client
-	endpoint   string
 }
 
 // NewKiroAuth creates a new Kiro authentication service.
@@ -49,7 +41,6 @@ type KiroAuth struct {
 func NewKiroAuth(cfg *config.Config) *KiroAuth {
 	return &KiroAuth{
 		httpClient: util.SetProxy(&cfg.SDKConfig, &http.Client{Timeout: 120 * time.Second}),
-		endpoint:   awsKiroEndpoint,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -110,33 +101,30 @@ func (k *KiroAuth) IsTokenExpired(tokenData *KiroTokenData) bool {
 	return time.Now().After(expiresAt)
 }
 
-// makeRequest sends a request to the CodeWhisperer API.
-// This is an internal method for making authenticated API calls.
+// makeRequest sends a REST-style GET request to the CodeWhisperer API.
 //
 // Parameters:
 //   - ctx: The context for the request
-//   - target: The API target (e.g., "AmazonCodeWhispererService.GetUsageLimits")
-//   - accessToken: The OAuth access token
-//   - payload: The request payload
+//   - path: The API path (e.g., "getUsageLimits")
+//   - tokenData: The token data containing access token, refresh token, and profile ARN
+//   - queryParams: Query parameters to add to the URL
 //
 // Returns:
 //   - []byte: The response body
 //   - error: An error if the request fails
-func (k *KiroAuth) makeRequest(ctx context.Context, target string, accessToken string, payload interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
-	jsonBody, err := json.Marshal(payload)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal request: %w", err)
-	}
+func (k *KiroAuth) makeRequest(ctx context.Context, path string, tokenData *KiroTokenData, queryParams map[string]string) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Get endpoint from profileArn (defaults to us-east-1 if empty)
+	profileArn := queryParams["profileArn"]
+	endpoint := GetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn(profileArn)
+	url := buildURL(endpoint, path, queryParams)
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, k.endpoint, strings.NewReader(string(jsonBody)))
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-amz-json-1.0")
-	req.Header.Set("x-amz-target", target)
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
-	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+	accountKey := GetAccountKey(tokenData.ClientID, tokenData.RefreshToken)
+	setRuntimeHeaders(req, tokenData.AccessToken, accountKey)
 
 	resp, err := k.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -171,13 +159,13 @@ func (k *KiroAuth) makeRequest(ctx context.Context, target string, accessToken s
 //   - *KiroUsageInfo: The usage information
 //   - error: An error if the request fails
 func (k *KiroAuth) GetUsageLimits(ctx context.Context, tokenData *KiroTokenData) (*KiroUsageInfo, error) {
-	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+	queryParams := map[string]string{
 		"origin":       "AI_EDITOR",
 		"profileArn":   tokenData.ProfileArn,
 		"resourceType": "AGENTIC_REQUEST",
 	}
 
-	body, err := k.makeRequest(ctx, targetGetUsage, tokenData.AccessToken, payload)
+	body, err := k.makeRequest(ctx, pathGetUsageLimits, tokenData, queryParams)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -221,12 +209,12 @@ func (k *KiroAuth) GetUsageLimits(ctx context.Context, tokenData *KiroTokenData)
 //   - []*KiroModel: The list of available models
 //   - error: An error if the request fails
 func (k *KiroAuth) ListAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, tokenData *KiroTokenData) ([]*KiroModel, error) {
-	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+	queryParams := map[string]string{
 		"origin":     "AI_EDITOR",
 		"profileArn": tokenData.ProfileArn,
 	}
 
-	body, err := k.makeRequest(ctx, targetListModels, tokenData.AccessToken, payload)
+	body, err := k.makeRequest(ctx, pathListAvailableModels, tokenData, queryParams)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

internal/auth/kiro/aws_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package kiro
 import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -217,7 +218,8 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name      string
 		tokenData *KiroTokenData
-		expected  string
+		exact     string // exact match (for cases with email)
+		prefix    string // prefix match (for cases without email, where sequence is appended)
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "IDC with email",
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				Email:      "user@example.com",
 				StartURL:   "https://d-1234567890.awsapps.com/start",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-idc-user-example-com.json",
+			exact: "kiro-idc-user-example-com.json",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "IDC without email but with startUrl",
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				Email:      "",
 				StartURL:   "https://d-1234567890.awsapps.com/start",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-idc-d-1234567890.json",
+			prefix: "kiro-idc-d-1234567890-",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "IDC with company name in startUrl",
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				Email:      "",
 				StartURL:   "https://my-company.awsapps.com/start",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-idc-my-company.json",
+			prefix: "kiro-idc-my-company-",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "IDC without email and without startUrl",
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				Email:      "",
 				StartURL:   "",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-idc.json",
+			prefix: "kiro-idc-",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Builder ID with email",
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				Email:      "user@gmail.com",
 				StartURL:   "https://view.awsapps.com/start",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-builder-id-user-gmail-com.json",
+			exact: "kiro-builder-id-user-gmail-com.json",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Builder ID without email",
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				Email:      "",
 				StartURL:   "https://view.awsapps.com/start",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-builder-id.json",
+			prefix: "kiro-builder-id-",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Social auth with email",
@@ -279,7 +281,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				AuthMethod: "google",
 				Email:      "user@gmail.com",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-google-user-gmail-com.json",
+			exact: "kiro-google-user-gmail-com.json",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Empty auth method",
@@ -287,7 +289,7 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				AuthMethod: "",
 				Email:      "",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-unknown.json",
+			prefix: "kiro-unknown-",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Email with special characters",
@@ -296,16 +298,454 @@ func TestGenerateTokenFileName(t *testing.T) {
 				Email:      "user.name+tag@sub.example.com",
 				StartURL:   "https://d-1234567890.awsapps.com/start",
 			},
-			expected: "kiro-idc-user-name+tag-sub-example-com.json",
+			exact: "kiro-idc-user-name+tag-sub-example-com.json",
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			result := GenerateTokenFileName(tt.tokenData)
-			if result != tt.expected {
-				t.Errorf("GenerateTokenFileName() = %q, want %q", result, tt.expected)
+			if tt.exact != "" {
+				if result != tt.exact {
+					t.Errorf("GenerateTokenFileName() = %q, want %q", result, tt.exact)
+				}
+			} else if tt.prefix != "" {
+				if !strings.HasPrefix(result, tt.prefix) || !strings.HasSuffix(result, ".json") {
+					t.Errorf("GenerateTokenFileName() = %q, want prefix %q with .json suffix", result, tt.prefix)
+				}
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestParseProfileARN(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		arn      string
+		expected *ProfileARN
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "Empty ARN",
+			arn:      "",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Invalid format - too few parts",
+			arn:      "arn:aws:codewhisperer",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Invalid prefix - not arn",
+			arn:      "notarn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Invalid service - not codewhisperer",
+			arn:      "arn:aws:s3:us-east-1:123456789012:bucket/mybucket",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Invalid region - no hyphen",
+			arn:      "arn:aws:codewhisperer:useast1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Empty partition",
+			arn:      "arn::codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Empty region",
+			arn:      "arn:aws:codewhisperer::123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Valid ARN - us-east-1",
+			arn:  "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABCDEFGHIJKL",
+			expected: &ProfileARN{
+				Raw:          "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABCDEFGHIJKL",
+				Partition:    "aws",
+				Service:      "codewhisperer",
+				Region:       "us-east-1",
+				AccountID:    "123456789012",
+				ResourceType: "profile",
+				ResourceID:   "ABCDEFGHIJKL",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Valid ARN - ap-southeast-1",
+			arn:  "arn:aws:codewhisperer:ap-southeast-1:987654321098:profile/ZYXWVUTSRQ",
+			expected: &ProfileARN{
+				Raw:          "arn:aws:codewhisperer:ap-southeast-1:987654321098:profile/ZYXWVUTSRQ",
+				Partition:    "aws",
+				Service:      "codewhisperer",
+				Region:       "ap-southeast-1",
+				AccountID:    "987654321098",
+				ResourceType: "profile",
+				ResourceID:   "ZYXWVUTSRQ",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Valid ARN - eu-west-1",
+			arn:  "arn:aws:codewhisperer:eu-west-1:111222333444:profile/PROFILE123",
+			expected: &ProfileARN{
+				Raw:          "arn:aws:codewhisperer:eu-west-1:111222333444:profile/PROFILE123",
+				Partition:    "aws",
+				Service:      "codewhisperer",
+				Region:       "eu-west-1",
+				AccountID:    "111222333444",
+				ResourceType: "profile",
+				ResourceID:   "PROFILE123",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Valid ARN - aws-cn partition",
+			arn:  "arn:aws-cn:codewhisperer:cn-north-1:123456789012:profile/CHINAID",
+			expected: &ProfileARN{
+				Raw:          "arn:aws-cn:codewhisperer:cn-north-1:123456789012:profile/CHINAID",
+				Partition:    "aws-cn",
+				Service:      "codewhisperer",
+				Region:       "cn-north-1",
+				AccountID:    "123456789012",
+				ResourceType: "profile",
+				ResourceID:   "CHINAID",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Valid ARN - resource without slash",
+			arn:  "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-west-2:123456789012:profile",
+			expected: &ProfileARN{
+				Raw:          "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-west-2:123456789012:profile",
+				Partition:    "aws",
+				Service:      "codewhisperer",
+				Region:       "us-west-2",
+				AccountID:    "123456789012",
+				ResourceType: "profile",
+				ResourceID:   "",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Valid ARN - resource with colon",
+			arn:  "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC:extra",
+			expected: &ProfileARN{
+				Raw:          "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC:extra",
+				Partition:    "aws",
+				Service:      "codewhisperer",
+				Region:       "us-east-1",
+				AccountID:    "123456789012",
+				ResourceType: "profile",
+				ResourceID:   "ABC:extra",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := ParseProfileARN(tt.arn)
+			if tt.expected == nil {
+				if result != nil {
+					t.Errorf("ParseProfileARN(%q) = %+v, want nil", tt.arn, result)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if result == nil {
+				t.Errorf("ParseProfileARN(%q) = nil, want %+v", tt.arn, tt.expected)
+				return
+			}
+			if result.Raw != tt.expected.Raw {
+				t.Errorf("Raw = %q, want %q", result.Raw, tt.expected.Raw)
+			}
+			if result.Partition != tt.expected.Partition {
+				t.Errorf("Partition = %q, want %q", result.Partition, tt.expected.Partition)
+			}
+			if result.Service != tt.expected.Service {
+				t.Errorf("Service = %q, want %q", result.Service, tt.expected.Service)
+			}
+			if result.Region != tt.expected.Region {
+				t.Errorf("Region = %q, want %q", result.Region, tt.expected.Region)
+			}
+			if result.AccountID != tt.expected.AccountID {
+				t.Errorf("AccountID = %q, want %q", result.AccountID, tt.expected.AccountID)
+			}
+			if result.ResourceType != tt.expected.ResourceType {
+				t.Errorf("ResourceType = %q, want %q", result.ResourceType, tt.expected.ResourceType)
+			}
+			if result.ResourceID != tt.expected.ResourceID {
+				t.Errorf("ResourceID = %q, want %q", result.ResourceID, tt.expected.ResourceID)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtractRegionFromProfileArn(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		profileArn string
+		expected   string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "Empty ARN",
+			profileArn: "",
+			expected:   "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Invalid ARN",
+			profileArn: "invalid-arn",
+			expected:   "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Valid ARN - us-east-1",
+			profileArn: "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected:   "us-east-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Valid ARN - ap-southeast-1",
+			profileArn: "arn:aws:codewhisperer:ap-southeast-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected:   "ap-southeast-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Valid ARN - eu-central-1",
+			profileArn: "arn:aws:codewhisperer:eu-central-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected:   "eu-central-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Non-codewhisperer ARN",
+			profileArn: "arn:aws:s3:us-east-1:123456789012:bucket/mybucket",
+			expected:   "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := ExtractRegionFromProfileArn(tt.profileArn)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("ExtractRegionFromProfileArn(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.profileArn, result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroAPIEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		region   string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "Empty region - defaults to us-east-1",
+			region:   "",
+			expected: "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "us-east-1",
+			region:   "us-east-1",
+			expected: "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "us-west-2",
+			region:   "us-west-2",
+			expected: "https://q.us-west-2.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ap-southeast-1",
+			region:   "ap-southeast-1",
+			expected: "https://q.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "eu-west-1",
+			region:   "eu-west-1",
+			expected: "https://q.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "cn-north-1",
+			region:   "cn-north-1",
+			expected: "https://q.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := GetKiroAPIEndpoint(tt.region)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("GetKiroAPIEndpoint(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.region, result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		profileArn string
+		expected   string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "Empty ARN - defaults to us-east-1",
+			profileArn: "",
+			expected:   "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Invalid ARN - defaults to us-east-1",
+			profileArn: "invalid-arn",
+			expected:   "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Valid ARN - us-east-1",
+			profileArn: "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected:   "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Valid ARN - ap-southeast-1",
+			profileArn: "arn:aws:codewhisperer:ap-southeast-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected:   "https://q.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Valid ARN - eu-central-1",
+			profileArn: "arn:aws:codewhisperer:eu-central-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			expected:   "https://q.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := GetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn(tt.profileArn)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("GetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.profileArn, result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetCodeWhispererLegacyEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		region   string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "Empty region - defaults to us-east-1",
+			region:   "",
+			expected: "https://codewhisperer.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "us-east-1",
+			region:   "us-east-1",
+			expected: "https://codewhisperer.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "us-west-2",
+			region:   "us-west-2",
+			expected: "https://codewhisperer.us-west-2.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ap-northeast-1",
+			region:   "ap-northeast-1",
+			expected: "https://codewhisperer.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := GetCodeWhispererLegacyEndpoint(tt.region)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("GetCodeWhispererLegacyEndpoint(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.region, result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtractRegionFromMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		metadata map[string]interface{}
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "Nil metadata - defaults to us-east-1",
+			metadata: nil,
+			expected: "us-east-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Empty metadata - defaults to us-east-1",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{},
+			expected: "us-east-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Priority 1: api_region override",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"api_region":  "eu-west-1",
+				"profile_arn": "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			},
+			expected: "eu-west-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Priority 2: profile_arn when api_region is empty",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"api_region":  "",
+				"profile_arn": "arn:aws:codewhisperer:ap-southeast-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			},
+			expected: "ap-southeast-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Priority 2: profile_arn when api_region is missing",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"profile_arn": "arn:aws:codewhisperer:eu-central-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			},
+			expected: "eu-central-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Fallback: default when profile_arn is invalid",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"profile_arn": "invalid-arn",
+			},
+			expected: "us-east-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Fallback: default when profile_arn is empty",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"profile_arn": "",
+			},
+			expected: "us-east-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "OIDC region is NOT used for API region",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"region": "ap-northeast-2", // OIDC region - should be ignored
+			},
+			expected: "us-east-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "api_region takes precedence over OIDC region",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"api_region": "us-west-2",
+				"region":     "ap-northeast-2", // OIDC region - should be ignored
+			},
+			expected: "us-west-2",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Non-string api_region is ignored",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"api_region":  123, // wrong type
+				"profile_arn": "arn:aws:codewhisperer:ap-south-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+			},
+			expected: "ap-south-1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Non-string profile_arn is ignored",
+			metadata: map[string]interface{}{
+				"profile_arn": 123, // wrong type
+			},
+			expected: "us-east-1",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := ExtractRegionFromMetadata(tt.metadata)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("ExtractRegionFromMetadata(%v) = %q, want %q", tt.metadata, result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+

internal/auth/kiro/codewhisperer_client.go

@@ -9,30 +9,23 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
-const (
-	codeWhispererAPI = "https://codewhisperer.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
-	kiroVersion      = "0.6.18"
-)
-
 // CodeWhispererClient handles CodeWhisperer API calls.
 type CodeWhispererClient struct {
 	httpClient *http.Client
-	machineID  string
 }
 
 // UsageLimitsResponse represents the getUsageLimits API response.
 type UsageLimitsResponse struct {
-	DaysUntilReset     *int                `json:"daysUntilReset,omitempty"`
-	NextDateReset      *float64            `json:"nextDateReset,omitempty"`
-	UserInfo           *UserInfo           `json:"userInfo,omitempty"`
-	SubscriptionInfo   *SubscriptionInfo   `json:"subscriptionInfo,omitempty"`
-	UsageBreakdownList []UsageBreakdown    `json:"usageBreakdownList,omitempty"`
+	DaysUntilReset     *int              `json:"daysUntilReset,omitempty"`
+	NextDateReset      *float64          `json:"nextDateReset,omitempty"`
+	UserInfo           *UserInfo         `json:"userInfo,omitempty"`
+	SubscriptionInfo   *SubscriptionInfo `json:"subscriptionInfo,omitempty"`
+	UsageBreakdownList []UsageBreakdown  `json:"usageBreakdownList,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // UserInfo contains user information from the API.
@@ -49,13 +42,13 @@ type SubscriptionInfo struct {
 
 // UsageBreakdown contains usage details.
 type UsageBreakdown struct {
-	UsageLimit                 *int     `json:"usageLimit,omitempty"`
-	CurrentUsage               *int     `json:"currentUsage,omitempty"`
-	UsageLimitWithPrecision    *float64 `json:"usageLimitWithPrecision,omitempty"`
-	CurrentUsageWithPrecision  *float64 `json:"currentUsageWithPrecision,omitempty"`
-	NextDateReset              *float64 `json:"nextDateReset,omitempty"`
-	DisplayName                string   `json:"displayName,omitempty"`
-	ResourceType               string   `json:"resourceType,omitempty"`
+	UsageLimit                *int     `json:"usageLimit,omitempty"`
+	CurrentUsage              *int     `json:"currentUsage,omitempty"`
+	UsageLimitWithPrecision   *float64 `json:"usageLimitWithPrecision,omitempty"`
+	CurrentUsageWithPrecision *float64 `json:"currentUsageWithPrecision,omitempty"`
+	NextDateReset             *float64 `json:"nextDateReset,omitempty"`
+	DisplayName               string   `json:"displayName,omitempty"`
+	ResourceType              string   `json:"resourceType,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // NewCodeWhispererClient creates a new CodeWhisperer client.
@@ -64,40 +57,34 @@ func NewCodeWhispererClient(cfg *config.Config, machineID string) *CodeWhisperer
 	if cfg != nil {
 		client = util.SetProxy(&cfg.SDKConfig, client)
 	}
-	if machineID == "" {
-		machineID = uuid.New().String()
-	}
 	return &CodeWhispererClient{
 		httpClient: client,
-		machineID:  machineID,
 	}
 }
 
-// generateInvocationID generates a unique invocation ID.
-func generateInvocationID() string {
-	return uuid.New().String()
-}
-
 // GetUsageLimits fetches usage limits and user info from CodeWhisperer API.
 // This is the recommended way to get user email after login.
-func (c *CodeWhispererClient) GetUsageLimits(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*UsageLimitsResponse, error) {
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/getUsageLimits?isEmailRequired=true&origin=AI_EDITOR&resourceType=AGENTIC_REQUEST", codeWhispererAPI)
+func (c *CodeWhispererClient) GetUsageLimits(ctx context.Context, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken, profileArn string) (*UsageLimitsResponse, error) {
+	queryParams := map[string]string{
+		"origin":       "AI_EDITOR",
+		"resourceType": "AGENTIC_REQUEST",
+	}
+	// Determine endpoint based on profileArn region
+	endpoint := GetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn(profileArn)
+	if profileArn != "" {
+		queryParams["profileArn"] = profileArn
+	} else {
+		queryParams["isEmailRequired"] = "true"
+	}
+	url := buildURL(endpoint, pathGetUsageLimits, queryParams)
 
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Set headers to match Kiro IDE
-	xAmzUserAgent := fmt.Sprintf("aws-sdk-js/1.0.0 KiroIDE-%s-%s", kiroVersion, c.machineID)
-	userAgent := fmt.Sprintf("aws-sdk-js/1.0.0 ua/2.1 os/windows lang/js md/nodejs#20.16.0 api/codewhispererruntime#1.0.0 m/E KiroIDE-%s-%s", kiroVersion, c.machineID)
-
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
-	req.Header.Set("x-amz-user-agent", xAmzUserAgent)
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", userAgent)
-	req.Header.Set("amz-sdk-invocation-id", generateInvocationID())
-	req.Header.Set("amz-sdk-request", "attempt=1; max=1")
-	req.Header.Set("Connection", "close")
+	accountKey := GetAccountKey(clientID, refreshToken)
+	setRuntimeHeaders(req, accessToken, accountKey)
 
 	log.Debugf("codewhisperer: GET %s", url)
 
@@ -128,8 +115,8 @@ func (c *CodeWhispererClient) GetUsageLimits(ctx context.Context, accessToken st
 
 // FetchUserEmailFromAPI fetches user email using CodeWhisperer getUsageLimits API.
 // This is more reliable than JWT parsing as it uses the official API.
-func (c *CodeWhispererClient) FetchUserEmailFromAPI(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) string {
-	resp, err := c.GetUsageLimits(ctx, accessToken)
+func (c *CodeWhispererClient) FetchUserEmailFromAPI(ctx context.Context, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken string) string {
+	resp, err := c.GetUsageLimits(ctx, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Debugf("codewhisperer: failed to get usage limits: %v", err)
 		return ""
@@ -146,10 +133,10 @@ func (c *CodeWhispererClient) FetchUserEmailFromAPI(ctx context.Context, accessT
 
 // FetchUserEmailWithFallback fetches user email with multiple fallback methods.
 // Priority: 1. CodeWhisperer API  2. userinfo endpoint  3. JWT parsing
-func FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, accessToken string) string {
+func FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken string) string {
 	// Method 1: Try CodeWhisperer API (most reliable)
 	cwClient := NewCodeWhispererClient(cfg, "")
-	email := cwClient.FetchUserEmailFromAPI(ctx, accessToken)
+	email := cwClient.FetchUserEmailFromAPI(ctx, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken)
 	if email != "" {
 		return email
 	}

internal/auth/kiro/fingerprint.go

@@ -2,77 +2,105 @@ package kiro
 
 import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
 	"net/http"
+	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
-// Fingerprint 多维度指纹信息
+// Fingerprint holds multi-dimensional fingerprint data for runtime request disguise.
 type Fingerprint struct {
-	SDKVersion          string // 1.0.20-1.0.27
+	OIDCSDKVersion      string // 3.7xx (AWS SDK JS)
+	RuntimeSDKVersion   string // 1.0.x (runtime API)
+	StreamingSDKVersion string // 1.0.x (streaming API)
 	OSType              string // darwin/windows/linux
-	OSVersion           string // 10.0.22621
-	NodeVersion         string // 18.x/20.x/22.x
-	KiroVersion         string // 0.3.x-0.8.x
+	OSVersion           string
+	NodeVersion         string
+	KiroVersion         string
 	KiroHash            string // SHA256
-	AcceptLanguage      string
-	ScreenResolution    string // 1920x1080
-	ColorDepth          int    // 24
-	HardwareConcurrency int    // CPU 核心数
-	TimezoneOffset      int
 }
 
-// FingerprintManager 指纹管理器
+// FingerprintConfig holds external fingerprint overrides.
+type FingerprintConfig struct {
+	OIDCSDKVersion      string
+	RuntimeSDKVersion   string
+	StreamingSDKVersion string
+	OSType              string
+	OSVersion           string
+	NodeVersion         string
+	KiroVersion         string
+	KiroHash            string
+}
+
+// FingerprintManager manages per-account fingerprint generation and caching.
 type FingerprintManager struct {
 	mu           sync.RWMutex
 	fingerprints map[string]*Fingerprint // tokenKey -> fingerprint
 	rng          *rand.Rand
+	config       *FingerprintConfig // External config (Optional)
 }
 
 var (
-	sdkVersions = []string{
-		"1.0.20", "1.0.21", "1.0.22", "1.0.23",
-		"1.0.24", "1.0.25", "1.0.26", "1.0.27",
+	// SDK versions
+	oidcSDKVersions = []string{
+		"3.980.0", "3.975.0", "3.972.0", "3.808.0",
+		"3.738.0", "3.737.0", "3.736.0", "3.735.0",
 	}
+	// SDKVersions for getUsageLimits/ListAvailableModels/GetProfile (runtime API)
+	runtimeSDKVersions = []string{"1.0.0"}
+	// SDKVersions for generateAssistantResponse (streaming API)
+	streamingSDKVersions = []string{"1.0.27"}
+	// Valid OS types
 	osTypes = []string{"darwin", "windows", "linux"}
+	// OS versions
 	osVersions = map[string][]string{
-		"darwin":  {"14.0", "14.1", "14.2", "14.3", "14.4", "14.5", "15.0", "15.1"},
-		"windows": {"10.0.19041", "10.0.19042", "10.0.19043", "10.0.19044", "10.0.22621", "10.0.22631"},
-		"linux":   {"5.15.0", "6.1.0", "6.2.0", "6.5.0", "6.6.0", "6.8.0"},
+		"darwin":  {"25.2.0", "25.1.0", "25.0.0", "24.5.0", "24.4.0", "24.3.0"},
+		"windows": {"10.0.26200", "10.0.26100", "10.0.22631", "10.0.22621", "10.0.19045"},
+		"linux":   {"6.12.0", "6.11.0", "6.8.0", "6.6.0", "6.5.0", "6.1.0"},
 	}
+	// Node versions
 	nodeVersions = []string{
-		"18.17.0", "18.18.0", "18.19.0", "18.20.0",
-		"20.9.0", "20.10.0", "20.11.0", "20.12.0", "20.13.0",
-		"22.0.0", "22.1.0", "22.2.0", "22.3.0",
+		"22.21.1", "22.21.0", "22.20.0", "22.19.0", "22.18.0",
+		"20.18.0", "20.17.0", "20.16.0",
 	}
+	// Kiro IDE versions
 	kiroVersions = []string{
-		"0.3.0", "0.3.1", "0.4.0", "0.4.1", "0.5.0", "0.5.1",
-		"0.6.0", "0.6.1", "0.7.0", "0.7.1", "0.8.0", "0.8.1",
+		"0.10.32", "0.10.16", "0.10.10",
+		"0.9.47", "0.9.40", "0.9.2",
+		"0.8.206", "0.8.140", "0.8.135", "0.8.86",
 	}
-	acceptLanguages = []string{
-		"en-US,en;q=0.9",
-		"en-GB,en;q=0.9",
-		"zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
-		"zh-TW,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
-		"ja-JP,ja;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
-		"ko-KR,ko;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
-		"de-DE,de;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
-		"fr-FR,fr;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
-	}
-	screenResolutions = []string{
-		"1920x1080", "2560x1440", "3840x2160",
-		"1366x768", "1440x900", "1680x1050",
-		"2560x1600", "3440x1440",
-	}
-	colorDepths          = []int{24, 32}
-	hardwareConcurrencies = []int{4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32}
-	timezoneOffsets      = []int{-480, -420, -360, -300, -240, 0, 60, 120, 480, 540}
+	// Global singleton
+	globalFingerprintManager     *FingerprintManager
+	globalFingerprintManagerOnce sync.Once
 )
 
-// NewFingerprintManager 创建指纹管理器
+func GlobalFingerprintManager() *FingerprintManager {
+	globalFingerprintManagerOnce.Do(func() {
+		globalFingerprintManager = NewFingerprintManager()
+	})
+	return globalFingerprintManager
+}
+
+func SetGlobalFingerprintConfig(cfg *FingerprintConfig) {
+	GlobalFingerprintManager().SetConfig(cfg)
+}
+
+// SetConfig applies the config and clears the fingerprint cache.
+func (fm *FingerprintManager) SetConfig(cfg *FingerprintConfig) {
+	fm.mu.Lock()
+	defer fm.mu.Unlock()
+	fm.config = cfg
+	// Clear cached fingerprints so they regenerate with the new config
+	fm.fingerprints = make(map[string]*Fingerprint)
+}
+
 func NewFingerprintManager() *FingerprintManager {
 	return &FingerprintManager{
 		fingerprints: make(map[string]*Fingerprint),
@@ -80,7 +108,7 @@ func NewFingerprintManager() *FingerprintManager {
 	}
 }
 
-// GetFingerprint 获取或生成 Token 关联的指纹
+// GetFingerprint returns the fingerprint for tokenKey, creating one if it doesn't exist.
 func (fm *FingerprintManager) GetFingerprint(tokenKey string) *Fingerprint {
 	fm.mu.RLock()
 	if fp, exists := fm.fingerprints[tokenKey]; exists {
@@ -101,97 +129,150 @@ func (fm *FingerprintManager) GetFingerprint(tokenKey string) *Fingerprint {
 	return fp
 }
 
-// generateFingerprint 生成新的指纹
 func (fm *FingerprintManager) generateFingerprint(tokenKey string) *Fingerprint {
-	osType := fm.randomChoice(osTypes)
-	osVersion := fm.randomChoice(osVersions[osType])
-	kiroVersion := fm.randomChoice(kiroVersions)
+	if fm.config != nil {
+		return fm.generateFromConfig(tokenKey)
+	}
+	return fm.generateRandom(tokenKey)
+}
 
-	fp := &Fingerprint{
-		SDKVersion:          fm.randomChoice(sdkVersions),
-		OSType:              osType,
-		OSVersion:           osVersion,
-		NodeVersion:         fm.randomChoice(nodeVersions),
-		KiroVersion:         kiroVersion,
-		AcceptLanguage:      fm.randomChoice(acceptLanguages),
-		ScreenResolution:    fm.randomChoice(screenResolutions),
-		ColorDepth:          fm.randomIntChoice(colorDepths),
-		HardwareConcurrency: fm.randomIntChoice(hardwareConcurrencies),
-		TimezoneOffset:      fm.randomIntChoice(timezoneOffsets),
+// generateFromConfig uses config values, falling back to random for empty fields.
+func (fm *FingerprintManager) generateFromConfig(tokenKey string) *Fingerprint {
+	cfg := fm.config
+
+	// Helper: config value or random selection
+	configOrRandom := func(configVal string, choices []string) string {
+		if configVal != "" {
+			return configVal
+		}
+		return choices[fm.rng.Intn(len(choices))]
 	}
 
-	fp.KiroHash = fm.generateKiroHash(tokenKey, kiroVersion, osType)
-	return fp
+	osType := cfg.OSType
+	if osType == "" {
+		osType = runtime.GOOS
+		if !slices.Contains(osTypes, osType) {
+			osType = osTypes[fm.rng.Intn(len(osTypes))]
+		}
+	}
+
+	osVersion := cfg.OSVersion
+	if osVersion == "" {
+		if versions, ok := osVersions[osType]; ok {
+			osVersion = versions[fm.rng.Intn(len(versions))]
+		}
+	}
+
+	kiroHash := cfg.KiroHash
+	if kiroHash == "" {
+		hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(tokenKey))
+		kiroHash = hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])
+	}
+
+	return &Fingerprint{
+		OIDCSDKVersion:      configOrRandom(cfg.OIDCSDKVersion, oidcSDKVersions),
+		RuntimeSDKVersion:   configOrRandom(cfg.RuntimeSDKVersion, runtimeSDKVersions),
+		StreamingSDKVersion: configOrRandom(cfg.StreamingSDKVersion, streamingSDKVersions),
+		OSType:              osType,
+		OSVersion:           osVersion,
+		NodeVersion:         configOrRandom(cfg.NodeVersion, nodeVersions),
+		KiroVersion:         configOrRandom(cfg.KiroVersion, kiroVersions),
+		KiroHash:            kiroHash,
+	}
 }
 
-// generateKiroHash 生成 Kiro Hash
-func (fm *FingerprintManager) generateKiroHash(tokenKey, kiroVersion, osType string) string {
-	data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s:%d", tokenKey, kiroVersion, osType, time.Now().UnixNano())
-	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(data))
-	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])
+// generateRandom generates a deterministic fingerprint seeded by accountKey hash.
+func (fm *FingerprintManager) generateRandom(accountKey string) *Fingerprint {
+	// Use accountKey hash as seed for deterministic random selection
+	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(accountKey))
+	seed := int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(hash[:8]))
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(seed))
+
+	osType := runtime.GOOS
+	if !slices.Contains(osTypes, osType) {
+		osType = osTypes[rng.Intn(len(osTypes))]
+	}
+	osVersion := osVersions[osType][rng.Intn(len(osVersions[osType]))]
+
+	return &Fingerprint{
+		OIDCSDKVersion:      oidcSDKVersions[rng.Intn(len(oidcSDKVersions))],
+		RuntimeSDKVersion:   runtimeSDKVersions[rng.Intn(len(runtimeSDKVersions))],
+		StreamingSDKVersion: streamingSDKVersions[rng.Intn(len(streamingSDKVersions))],
+		OSType:              osType,
+		OSVersion:           osVersion,
+		NodeVersion:         nodeVersions[rng.Intn(len(nodeVersions))],
+		KiroVersion:         kiroVersions[rng.Intn(len(kiroVersions))],
+		KiroHash:            hex.EncodeToString(hash[:]),
+	}
 }
 
-// randomChoice 随机选择字符串
-func (fm *FingerprintManager) randomChoice(choices []string) string {
-	return choices[fm.rng.Intn(len(choices))]
+// GenerateAccountKey returns a 16-char hex key derived from SHA256(seed).
+func GenerateAccountKey(seed string) string {
+	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(seed))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:8])
 }
 
-// randomIntChoice 随机选择整数
-func (fm *FingerprintManager) randomIntChoice(choices []int) int {
-	return choices[fm.rng.Intn(len(choices))]
+// GetAccountKey derives an account key from clientID > refreshToken > random UUID.
+func GetAccountKey(clientID, refreshToken string) string {
+	// 1. Prefer ClientID
+	if clientID != "" {
+		return GenerateAccountKey(clientID)
+	}
+
+	// 2. Fallback to RefreshToken
+	if refreshToken != "" {
+		return GenerateAccountKey(refreshToken)
+	}
+
+	// 3. Random fallback
+	return GenerateAccountKey(uuid.New().String())
 }
 
-// ApplyToRequest 将指纹信息应用到 HTTP 请求头
-func (fp *Fingerprint) ApplyToRequest(req *http.Request) {
-	req.Header.Set("X-Kiro-SDK-Version", fp.SDKVersion)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Kiro-OS-Type", fp.OSType)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Kiro-OS-Version", fp.OSVersion)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Kiro-Node-Version", fp.NodeVersion)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Kiro-Version", fp.KiroVersion)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Kiro-Hash", fp.KiroHash)
-	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", fp.AcceptLanguage)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Screen-Resolution", fp.ScreenResolution)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Color-Depth", fmt.Sprintf("%d", fp.ColorDepth))
-	req.Header.Set("X-Hardware-Concurrency", fmt.Sprintf("%d", fp.HardwareConcurrency))
-	req.Header.Set("X-Timezone-Offset", fmt.Sprintf("%d", fp.TimezoneOffset))
-}
-
-// RemoveFingerprint 移除 Token 关联的指纹
-func (fm *FingerprintManager) RemoveFingerprint(tokenKey string) {
-	fm.mu.Lock()
-	defer fm.mu.Unlock()
-	delete(fm.fingerprints, tokenKey)
-}
-
-// Count 返回当前管理的指纹数量
-func (fm *FingerprintManager) Count() int {
-	fm.mu.RLock()
-	defer fm.mu.RUnlock()
-	return len(fm.fingerprints)
-}
-
-// BuildUserAgent 构建 User-Agent 字符串 (Kiro IDE 风格)
-// 格式: aws-sdk-js/{SDKVersion} ua/2.1 os/{OSType}#{OSVersion} lang/js md/nodejs#{NodeVersion} api/codewhispererstreaming#{SDKVersion} m/E KiroIDE-{KiroVersion}-{KiroHash}
+// BuildUserAgent format: aws-sdk-js/{SDKVersion} ua/2.1 os/{OSType}#{OSVersion} lang/js md/nodejs#{NodeVersion} api/codewhispererstreaming#{SDKVersion} m/E KiroIDE-{KiroVersion}-{KiroHash}
 func (fp *Fingerprint) BuildUserAgent() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf(
 		"aws-sdk-js/%s ua/2.1 os/%s#%s lang/js md/nodejs#%s api/codewhispererstreaming#%s m/E KiroIDE-%s-%s",
-		fp.SDKVersion,
+		fp.StreamingSDKVersion,
 		fp.OSType,
 		fp.OSVersion,
 		fp.NodeVersion,
-		fp.SDKVersion,
+		fp.StreamingSDKVersion,
 		fp.KiroVersion,
 		fp.KiroHash,
 	)
 }
 
-// BuildAmzUserAgent 构建 X-Amz-User-Agent 字符串
-// 格式: aws-sdk-js/{SDKVersion} KiroIDE-{KiroVersion}-{KiroHash}
+// BuildAmzUserAgent format: aws-sdk-js/{SDKVersion} KiroIDE-{KiroVersion}-{KiroHash}
 func (fp *Fingerprint) BuildAmzUserAgent() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf(
 		"aws-sdk-js/%s KiroIDE-%s-%s",
-		fp.SDKVersion,
+		fp.StreamingSDKVersion,
 		fp.KiroVersion,
 		fp.KiroHash,
 	)
 }
+
+func SetOIDCHeaders(req *http.Request) {
+	fp := GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint("oidc-session")
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("x-amz-user-agent", fmt.Sprintf("aws-sdk-js/%s KiroIDE", fp.OIDCSDKVersion))
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fmt.Sprintf(
+		"aws-sdk-js/%s ua/2.1 os/%s#%s lang/js md/nodejs#%s api/%s#%s m/E KiroIDE",
+		fp.OIDCSDKVersion, fp.OSType, fp.OSVersion, fp.NodeVersion, "sso-oidc", fp.OIDCSDKVersion))
+	req.Header.Set("amz-sdk-invocation-id", uuid.New().String())
+	req.Header.Set("amz-sdk-request", "attempt=1; max=4")
+}
+
+func setRuntimeHeaders(req *http.Request, accessToken string, accountKey string) {
+	fp := GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint(accountKey)
+	machineID := fp.KiroHash
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+	req.Header.Set("x-amz-user-agent", fmt.Sprintf("aws-sdk-js/%s KiroIDE-%s-%s",
+		fp.RuntimeSDKVersion, fp.KiroVersion, machineID))
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fmt.Sprintf(
+		"aws-sdk-js/%s ua/2.1 os/%s#%s lang/js md/nodejs#%s api/codewhispererruntime#%s m/N,E KiroIDE-%s-%s",
+		fp.RuntimeSDKVersion, fp.OSType, fp.OSVersion, fp.NodeVersion, fp.RuntimeSDKVersion,
+		fp.KiroVersion, machineID))
+	req.Header.Set("amz-sdk-invocation-id", uuid.New().String())
+	req.Header.Set("amz-sdk-request", "attempt=1; max=1")
+}

internal/auth/kiro/fingerprint_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package kiro
 
 import (
 	"net/http"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 )
@@ -26,8 +28,14 @@ func TestGetFingerprint_NewToken(t *testing.T) {
 	if fp == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected non-nil Fingerprint")
 	}
-	if fp.SDKVersion == "" {
-		t.Error("expected non-empty SDKVersion")
+	if fp.OIDCSDKVersion == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty OIDCSDKVersion")
+	}
+	if fp.RuntimeSDKVersion == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty RuntimeSDKVersion")
+	}
+	if fp.StreamingSDKVersion == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty StreamingSDKVersion")
 	}
 	if fp.OSType == "" {
 		t.Error("expected non-empty OSType")
@@ -44,18 +52,6 @@ func TestGetFingerprint_NewToken(t *testing.T) {
 	if fp.KiroHash == "" {
 		t.Error("expected non-empty KiroHash")
 	}
-	if fp.AcceptLanguage == "" {
-		t.Error("expected non-empty AcceptLanguage")
-	}
-	if fp.ScreenResolution == "" {
-		t.Error("expected non-empty ScreenResolution")
-	}
-	if fp.ColorDepth == 0 {
-		t.Error("expected non-zero ColorDepth")
-	}
-	if fp.HardwareConcurrency == 0 {
-		t.Error("expected non-zero HardwareConcurrency")
-	}
 }
 
 func TestGetFingerprint_SameTokenReturnsSameFingerprint(t *testing.T) {
@@ -78,72 +74,18 @@ func TestGetFingerprint_DifferentTokens(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRemoveFingerprint(t *testing.T) {
-	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
-	fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
-	if fm.Count() != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected count 1, got %d", fm.Count())
-	}
-
-	fm.RemoveFingerprint("token1")
-	if fm.Count() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected count 0, got %d", fm.Count())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRemoveFingerprint_NonExistent(t *testing.T) {
-	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
-	fm.RemoveFingerprint("nonexistent")
-	if fm.Count() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected count 0, got %d", fm.Count())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestCount(t *testing.T) {
-	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
-	if fm.Count() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected count 0, got %d", fm.Count())
-	}
-
-	fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
-	fm.GetFingerprint("token2")
-	fm.GetFingerprint("token3")
-
-	if fm.Count() != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expected count 3, got %d", fm.Count())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestApplyToRequest(t *testing.T) {
+func TestBuildUserAgent(t *testing.T) {
 	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
 	fp := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
 
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com", nil)
-	fp.ApplyToRequest(req)
+	ua := fp.BuildUserAgent()
+	if ua == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty User-Agent")
+	}
 
-	if req.Header.Get("X-Kiro-SDK-Version") != fp.SDKVersion {
-		t.Error("X-Kiro-SDK-Version header mismatch")
-	}
-	if req.Header.Get("X-Kiro-OS-Type") != fp.OSType {
-		t.Error("X-Kiro-OS-Type header mismatch")
-	}
-	if req.Header.Get("X-Kiro-OS-Version") != fp.OSVersion {
-		t.Error("X-Kiro-OS-Version header mismatch")
-	}
-	if req.Header.Get("X-Kiro-Node-Version") != fp.NodeVersion {
-		t.Error("X-Kiro-Node-Version header mismatch")
-	}
-	if req.Header.Get("X-Kiro-Version") != fp.KiroVersion {
-		t.Error("X-Kiro-Version header mismatch")
-	}
-	if req.Header.Get("X-Kiro-Hash") != fp.KiroHash {
-		t.Error("X-Kiro-Hash header mismatch")
-	}
-	if req.Header.Get("Accept-Language") != fp.AcceptLanguage {
-		t.Error("Accept-Language header mismatch")
-	}
-	if req.Header.Get("X-Screen-Resolution") != fp.ScreenResolution {
-		t.Error("X-Screen-Resolution header mismatch")
+	amzUA := fp.BuildAmzUserAgent()
+	if amzUA == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty X-Amz-User-Agent")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -166,6 +108,33 @@ func TestGetFingerprint_OSVersionMatchesOSType(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGenerateFromConfig_OSTypeFromRuntimeGOOS(t *testing.T) {
+	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
+
+	// Set config with empty OSType to trigger runtime.GOOS fallback
+	fm.SetConfig(&FingerprintConfig{
+		OIDCSDKVersion: "3.738.0", // Set other fields to use config path
+	})
+
+	fp := fm.GetFingerprint("test-token")
+
+	// Expected OS type based on runtime.GOOS mapping
+	var expectedOS string
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "darwin":
+		expectedOS = "darwin"
+	case "windows":
+		expectedOS = "windows"
+	default:
+		expectedOS = "linux"
+	}
+
+	if fp.OSType != expectedOS {
+		t.Errorf("expected OSType '%s' from runtime.GOOS '%s', got '%s'",
+			expectedOS, runtime.GOOS, fp.OSType)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestFingerprintManager_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
 	const numGoroutines = 100
@@ -174,22 +143,18 @@ func TestFingerprintManager_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	wg.Add(numGoroutines)
 
-	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+	for i := range numGoroutines {
 		go func(id int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < numOperations; j++ {
+			for j := range numOperations {
 				tokenKey := "token" + string(rune('a'+id%26))
-				switch j % 4 {
+				switch j % 2 {
 				case 0:
 					fm.GetFingerprint(tokenKey)
 				case 1:
-					fm.Count()
-				case 2:
 					fp := fm.GetFingerprint(tokenKey)
-					req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com", nil)
-					fp.ApplyToRequest(req)
-				case 3:
-					fm.RemoveFingerprint(tokenKey)
+					_ = fp.BuildUserAgent()
+					_ = fp.BuildAmzUserAgent()
 				}
 			}
 		}(i)
@@ -198,16 +163,20 @@ func TestFingerprintManager_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
-func TestKiroHashUniqueness(t *testing.T) {
+func TestKiroHashStability(t *testing.T) {
 	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
-	hashes := make(map[string]bool)
 
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		fp := fm.GetFingerprint("token" + string(rune(i)))
-		if hashes[fp.KiroHash] {
-			t.Errorf("duplicate KiroHash detected: %s", fp.KiroHash)
-		}
-		hashes[fp.KiroHash] = true
+	// Same token should always return same hash
+	fp1 := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+	fp2 := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+	if fp1.KiroHash != fp2.KiroHash {
+		t.Errorf("same token should have same hash: %s vs %s", fp1.KiroHash, fp2.KiroHash)
+	}
+
+	// Different tokens should have different hashes
+	fp3 := fm.GetFingerprint("token2")
+	if fp1.KiroHash == fp3.KiroHash {
+		t.Errorf("different tokens should have different hashes")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -220,8 +189,590 @@ func TestKiroHashFormat(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for _, c := range fp.KiroHash {
-		if !((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')) {
+		if (c < '0' || c > '9') && (c < 'a' || c > 'f') {
 			t.Errorf("invalid hex character in KiroHash: %c", c)
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestGlobalFingerprintManager(t *testing.T) {
+	fm1 := GlobalFingerprintManager()
+	fm2 := GlobalFingerprintManager()
+
+	if fm1 == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil GlobalFingerprintManager")
+	}
+	if fm1 != fm2 {
+		t.Error("expected GlobalFingerprintManager to return same instance")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetOIDCHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com", nil)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
+
+	if req.Header.Get("Content-Type") != "application/json" {
+		t.Error("expected Content-Type header to be set")
+	}
+
+	amzUA := req.Header.Get("x-amz-user-agent")
+	if amzUA == "" {
+		t.Error("expected x-amz-user-agent header to be set")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(amzUA, "aws-sdk-js/") {
+		t.Errorf("x-amz-user-agent should contain aws-sdk-js: %s", amzUA)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(amzUA, "KiroIDE") {
+		t.Errorf("x-amz-user-agent should contain KiroIDE: %s", amzUA)
+	}
+
+	ua := req.Header.Get("User-Agent")
+	if ua == "" {
+		t.Error("expected User-Agent header to be set")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ua, "api/sso-oidc") {
+		t.Errorf("User-Agent should contain api name: %s", ua)
+	}
+
+	if req.Header.Get("amz-sdk-invocation-id") == "" {
+		t.Error("expected amz-sdk-invocation-id header to be set")
+	}
+	if req.Header.Get("amz-sdk-request") != "attempt=1; max=4" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected amz-sdk-request header: %s", req.Header.Get("amz-sdk-request"))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildURL(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		endpoint     string
+		path         string
+		queryParams  map[string]string
+		want         string
+		wantContains []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "no query params",
+			endpoint:    "https://api.example.com",
+			path:        "getUsageLimits",
+			queryParams: nil,
+			want:        "https://api.example.com/getUsageLimits",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "empty query params",
+			endpoint:    "https://api.example.com",
+			path:        "getUsageLimits",
+			queryParams: map[string]string{},
+			want:        "https://api.example.com/getUsageLimits",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "single query param",
+			endpoint: "https://api.example.com",
+			path:     "getUsageLimits",
+			queryParams: map[string]string{
+				"origin": "AI_EDITOR",
+			},
+			want: "https://api.example.com/getUsageLimits?origin=AI_EDITOR",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "multiple query params",
+			endpoint: "https://api.example.com",
+			path:     "getUsageLimits",
+			queryParams: map[string]string{
+				"origin":       "AI_EDITOR",
+				"resourceType": "AGENTIC_REQUEST",
+				"profileArn":   "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABCDEF",
+			},
+			wantContains: []string{
+				"https://api.example.com/getUsageLimits?",
+				"origin=AI_EDITOR",
+				"profileArn=arn%3Aaws%3Acodewhisperer%3Aus-east-1%3A123456789012%3Aprofile%2FABCDEF",
+				"resourceType=AGENTIC_REQUEST",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "omit empty params",
+			endpoint: "https://api.example.com",
+			path:     "getUsageLimits",
+			queryParams: map[string]string{
+				"origin":     "AI_EDITOR",
+				"profileArn": "",
+			},
+			want: "https://api.example.com/getUsageLimits?origin=AI_EDITOR",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := buildURL(tt.endpoint, tt.path, tt.queryParams)
+			if tt.want != "" {
+				if got != tt.want {
+					t.Errorf("buildURL() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+				}
+			}
+			if tt.wantContains != nil {
+				for _, substr := range tt.wantContains {
+					if !strings.Contains(got, substr) {
+						t.Errorf("buildURL() = %v, want to contain %v", got, substr)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildUserAgentFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
+	fp := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+
+	ua := fp.BuildUserAgent()
+	requiredParts := []string{
+		"aws-sdk-js/",
+		"ua/2.1",
+		"os/",
+		"lang/js",
+		"md/nodejs#",
+		"api/codewhispererstreaming#",
+		"m/E",
+		"KiroIDE-",
+	}
+	for _, part := range requiredParts {
+		if !strings.Contains(ua, part) {
+			t.Errorf("User-Agent missing required part %q: %s", part, ua)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAmzUserAgentFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
+	fp := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+
+	amzUA := fp.BuildAmzUserAgent()
+	requiredParts := []string{
+		"aws-sdk-js/",
+		"KiroIDE-",
+	}
+	for _, part := range requiredParts {
+		if !strings.Contains(amzUA, part) {
+			t.Errorf("X-Amz-User-Agent missing required part %q: %s", part, amzUA)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Amz-User-Agent should be shorter than User-Agent
+	ua := fp.BuildUserAgent()
+	if len(amzUA) >= len(ua) {
+		t.Error("X-Amz-User-Agent should be shorter than User-Agent")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetRuntimeHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com", nil)
+	accessToken := "test-access-token-1234567890"
+	clientID := "test-client-id-12345"
+	accountKey := GenerateAccountKey(clientID)
+	fp := GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint(accountKey)
+	machineID := fp.KiroHash
+
+	setRuntimeHeaders(req, accessToken, accountKey)
+
+	// Check Authorization header
+	if req.Header.Get("Authorization") != "Bearer "+accessToken {
+		t.Errorf("expected Authorization header 'Bearer %s', got '%s'", accessToken, req.Header.Get("Authorization"))
+	}
+
+	// Check x-amz-user-agent header
+	amzUA := req.Header.Get("x-amz-user-agent")
+	if amzUA == "" {
+		t.Error("expected x-amz-user-agent header to be set")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(amzUA, "aws-sdk-js/") {
+		t.Errorf("x-amz-user-agent should contain aws-sdk-js: %s", amzUA)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(amzUA, "KiroIDE-") {
+		t.Errorf("x-amz-user-agent should contain KiroIDE: %s", amzUA)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(amzUA, machineID) {
+		t.Errorf("x-amz-user-agent should contain machineID: %s", amzUA)
+	}
+
+	// Check User-Agent header
+	ua := req.Header.Get("User-Agent")
+	if ua == "" {
+		t.Error("expected User-Agent header to be set")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ua, "api/codewhispererruntime#") {
+		t.Errorf("User-Agent should contain api/codewhispererruntime: %s", ua)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ua, "m/N,E") {
+		t.Errorf("User-Agent should contain m/N,E: %s", ua)
+	}
+
+	// Check amz-sdk-invocation-id (should be a UUID)
+	invocationID := req.Header.Get("amz-sdk-invocation-id")
+	if invocationID == "" {
+		t.Error("expected amz-sdk-invocation-id header to be set")
+	}
+	if len(invocationID) != 36 {
+		t.Errorf("expected amz-sdk-invocation-id to be UUID (36 chars), got %d", len(invocationID))
+	}
+
+	// Check amz-sdk-request
+	if req.Header.Get("amz-sdk-request") != "attempt=1; max=1" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected amz-sdk-request header: %s", req.Header.Get("amz-sdk-request"))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSDKVersionsAreValid(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify all OIDC SDK versions match expected format (3.xxx.x)
+	for _, v := range oidcSDKVersions {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(v, "3.") {
+			t.Errorf("OIDC SDK version should start with 3.: %s", v)
+		}
+		parts := strings.Split(v, ".")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("OIDC SDK version should have 3 parts: %s", v)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, v := range runtimeSDKVersions {
+		parts := strings.Split(v, ".")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("Runtime SDK version should have 3 parts: %s", v)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, v := range streamingSDKVersions {
+		parts := strings.Split(v, ".")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("Streaming SDK version should have 3 parts: %s", v)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestKiroVersionsAreValid(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify all Kiro versions match expected format (0.x.xxx)
+	for _, v := range kiroVersions {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(v, "0.") {
+			t.Errorf("Kiro version should start with 0.: %s", v)
+		}
+		parts := strings.Split(v, ".")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("Kiro version should have 3 parts: %s", v)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNodeVersionsAreValid(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify all Node versions match expected format (xx.xx.x)
+	for _, v := range nodeVersions {
+		parts := strings.Split(v, ".")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("Node version should have 3 parts: %s", v)
+		}
+		// Should be Node 20.x or 22.x
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(v, "20.") && !strings.HasPrefix(v, "22.") {
+			t.Errorf("Node version should be 20.x or 22.x LTS: %s", v)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFingerprintManager_SetConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
+
+	// Without config, should generate random fingerprint
+	fp1 := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+	if fp1 == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil fingerprint")
+	}
+
+	// Set config with all fields
+	cfg := &FingerprintConfig{
+		OIDCSDKVersion:      "3.999.0",
+		RuntimeSDKVersion:   "9.9.9",
+		StreamingSDKVersion: "8.8.8",
+		OSType:              "darwin",
+		OSVersion:           "99.0.0",
+		NodeVersion:         "99.99.99",
+		KiroVersion:         "9.9.999",
+		KiroHash:            "customhash123",
+	}
+	fm.SetConfig(cfg)
+
+	// After setting config, should use config values
+	fp2 := fm.GetFingerprint("token2")
+	if fp2.OIDCSDKVersion != "3.999.0" {
+		t.Errorf("expected OIDCSDKVersion '3.999.0', got '%s'", fp2.OIDCSDKVersion)
+	}
+	if fp2.RuntimeSDKVersion != "9.9.9" {
+		t.Errorf("expected RuntimeSDKVersion '9.9.9', got '%s'", fp2.RuntimeSDKVersion)
+	}
+	if fp2.StreamingSDKVersion != "8.8.8" {
+		t.Errorf("expected StreamingSDKVersion '8.8.8', got '%s'", fp2.StreamingSDKVersion)
+	}
+	if fp2.OSType != "darwin" {
+		t.Errorf("expected OSType 'darwin', got '%s'", fp2.OSType)
+	}
+	if fp2.OSVersion != "99.0.0" {
+		t.Errorf("expected OSVersion '99.0.0', got '%s'", fp2.OSVersion)
+	}
+	if fp2.NodeVersion != "99.99.99" {
+		t.Errorf("expected NodeVersion '99.99.99', got '%s'", fp2.NodeVersion)
+	}
+	if fp2.KiroVersion != "9.9.999" {
+		t.Errorf("expected KiroVersion '9.9.999', got '%s'", fp2.KiroVersion)
+	}
+	if fp2.KiroHash != "customhash123" {
+		t.Errorf("expected KiroHash 'customhash123', got '%s'", fp2.KiroHash)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFingerprintManager_SetConfig_PartialFields(t *testing.T) {
+	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
+
+	// Set config with only some fields
+	cfg := &FingerprintConfig{
+		KiroVersion: "1.2.345",
+		KiroHash:    "myhash",
+		// Other fields empty - should use random
+	}
+	fm.SetConfig(cfg)
+
+	fp := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+
+	// Configured fields should use config values
+	if fp.KiroVersion != "1.2.345" {
+		t.Errorf("expected KiroVersion '1.2.345', got '%s'", fp.KiroVersion)
+	}
+	if fp.KiroHash != "myhash" {
+		t.Errorf("expected KiroHash 'myhash', got '%s'", fp.KiroHash)
+	}
+
+	// Empty fields should be randomly selected (non-empty)
+	if fp.OIDCSDKVersion == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty OIDCSDKVersion")
+	}
+	if fp.OSType == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty OSType")
+	}
+	if fp.NodeVersion == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty NodeVersion")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFingerprintManager_SetConfig_ClearsCache(t *testing.T) {
+	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
+
+	// Get fingerprint before config
+	fp1 := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+	originalHash := fp1.KiroHash
+
+	// Set config
+	cfg := &FingerprintConfig{
+		KiroHash: "newcustomhash",
+	}
+	fm.SetConfig(cfg)
+
+	// Same token should now return different fingerprint (cache cleared)
+	fp2 := fm.GetFingerprint("token1")
+	if fp2.KiroHash == originalHash {
+		t.Error("expected cache to be cleared after SetConfig")
+	}
+	if fp2.KiroHash != "newcustomhash" {
+		t.Errorf("expected KiroHash 'newcustomhash', got '%s'", fp2.KiroHash)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateAccountKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		seed  string
+		check func(t *testing.T, result string)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Empty seed",
+			seed: "",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				if result == "" {
+					t.Error("expected non-empty result for empty seed")
+				}
+				if len(result) != 16 {
+					t.Errorf("expected 16 char hex string, got %d chars", len(result))
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Simple seed",
+			seed: "test-client-id",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				if len(result) != 16 {
+					t.Errorf("expected 16 char hex string, got %d chars", len(result))
+				}
+				// Verify it's valid hex
+				for _, c := range result {
+					if (c < '0' || c > '9') && (c < 'a' || c > 'f') {
+						t.Errorf("invalid hex character: %c", c)
+					}
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Same seed produces same result",
+			seed: "deterministic-seed",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				result2 := GenerateAccountKey("deterministic-seed")
+				if result != result2 {
+					t.Errorf("same seed should produce same result: %s vs %s", result, result2)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Different seeds produce different results",
+			seed: "seed-one",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				result2 := GenerateAccountKey("seed-two")
+				if result == result2 {
+					t.Errorf("different seeds should produce different results: %s vs %s", result, result2)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := GenerateAccountKey(tt.seed)
+			tt.check(t, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAccountKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		clientID     string
+		refreshToken string
+		check        func(t *testing.T, result string)
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "Priority 1: clientID when both provided",
+			clientID:     "client-id-123",
+			refreshToken: "refresh-token-456",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				expected := GenerateAccountKey("client-id-123")
+				if result != expected {
+					t.Errorf("expected clientID-based key %s, got %s", expected, result)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "Priority 2: refreshToken when clientID is empty",
+			clientID:     "",
+			refreshToken: "refresh-token-789",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				expected := GenerateAccountKey("refresh-token-789")
+				if result != expected {
+					t.Errorf("expected refreshToken-based key %s, got %s", expected, result)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "Priority 3: random when both empty",
+			clientID:     "",
+			refreshToken: "",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				if len(result) != 16 {
+					t.Errorf("expected 16 char key, got %d chars", len(result))
+				}
+				// Should be different each time (random UUID)
+				result2 := GetAccountKey("", "")
+				if result == result2 {
+					t.Log("warning: random keys are the same (possible but unlikely)")
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "clientID only",
+			clientID:     "solo-client-id",
+			refreshToken: "",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				expected := GenerateAccountKey("solo-client-id")
+				if result != expected {
+					t.Errorf("expected clientID-based key %s, got %s", expected, result)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "refreshToken only",
+			clientID:     "",
+			refreshToken: "solo-refresh-token",
+			check: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				expected := GenerateAccountKey("solo-refresh-token")
+				if result != expected {
+					t.Errorf("expected refreshToken-based key %s, got %s", expected, result)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := GetAccountKey(tt.clientID, tt.refreshToken)
+			tt.check(t, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAccountKey_Deterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify that GetAccountKey produces deterministic results for same inputs
+	clientID := "test-client-id-abc"
+	refreshToken := "test-refresh-token-xyz"
+
+	// Call multiple times with same inputs
+	results := make([]string, 10)
+	for i := range 10 {
+		results[i] = GetAccountKey(clientID, refreshToken)
+	}
+
+	// All results should be identical
+	for i := 1; i < 10; i++ {
+		if results[i] != results[0] {
+			t.Errorf("GetAccountKey should be deterministic: got %s and %s", results[0], results[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFingerprintDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify that fingerprints are deterministic based on accountKey
+	fm := NewFingerprintManager()
+
+	accountKey := GenerateAccountKey("test-client-id")
+
+	// Get fingerprint multiple times
+	fp1 := fm.GetFingerprint(accountKey)
+	fp2 := fm.GetFingerprint(accountKey)
+
+	// Should be the same pointer (cached)
+	if fp1 != fp2 {
+		t.Error("expected same fingerprint pointer for same key")
+	}
+
+	// Create new manager and verify same values
+	fm2 := NewFingerprintManager()
+	fp3 := fm2.GetFingerprint(accountKey)
+
+	// Values should be identical (deterministic generation)
+	if fp1.KiroHash != fp3.KiroHash {
+		t.Errorf("KiroHash should be deterministic: %s vs %s", fp1.KiroHash, fp3.KiroHash)
+	}
+	if fp1.OSType != fp3.OSType {
+		t.Errorf("OSType should be deterministic: %s vs %s", fp1.OSType, fp3.OSType)
+	}
+	if fp1.OSVersion != fp3.OSVersion {
+		t.Errorf("OSVersion should be deterministic: %s vs %s", fp1.OSVersion, fp3.OSVersion)
+	}
+	if fp1.KiroVersion != fp3.KiroVersion {
+		t.Errorf("KiroVersion should be deterministic: %s vs %s", fp1.KiroVersion, fp3.KiroVersion)
+	}
+	if fp1.NodeVersion != fp3.NodeVersion {
+		t.Errorf("NodeVersion should be deterministic: %s vs %s", fp1.NodeVersion, fp3.NodeVersion)
+	}
+}

internal/auth/kiro/oauth.go

@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ import (
 const (
 	// Kiro auth endpoint
 	kiroAuthEndpoint = "https://prod.us-east-1.auth.desktop.kiro.dev"
-	
+
 	// Default callback port
 	defaultCallbackPort = 9876
-	
+
 	// Auth timeout
 	authTimeout = 10 * time.Minute
 )
@@ -41,8 +41,10 @@ type KiroTokenResponse struct {
 
 // KiroOAuth handles the OAuth flow for Kiro authentication.
 type KiroOAuth struct {
-	httpClient *http.Client
-	cfg        *config.Config
+	httpClient  *http.Client
+	cfg         *config.Config
+	machineID   string
+	kiroVersion string
 }
 
 // NewKiroOAuth creates a new Kiro OAuth handler.
@@ -51,9 +53,12 @@ func NewKiroOAuth(cfg *config.Config) *KiroOAuth {
 	if cfg != nil {
 		client = util.SetProxy(&cfg.SDKConfig, client)
 	}
+	fp := GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint("login")
 	return &KiroOAuth{
-		httpClient: client,
-		cfg:        cfg,
+		httpClient:  client,
+		cfg:         cfg,
+		machineID:   fp.KiroHash,
+		kiroVersion: fp.KiroVersion,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -190,7 +195,8 @@ func (o *KiroOAuth) exchangeCodeForToken(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerifier
 	}
 
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "KiroIDE-0.7.45-cli-proxy-api")
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fmt.Sprintf("KiroIDE-%s-%s", o.kiroVersion, o.machineID))
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
 
 	resp, err := o.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -256,11 +262,8 @@ func (o *KiroOAuth) RefreshTokenWithFingerprint(ctx context.Context, refreshToke
 	}
 
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-
-	// Use KiroIDE-style User-Agent to match official Kiro IDE behavior
-	// This helps avoid 403 errors from server-side User-Agent validation
-	userAgent := buildKiroUserAgent(tokenKey)
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", userAgent)
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fmt.Sprintf("KiroIDE-%s-%s", o.kiroVersion, o.machineID))
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
 
 	resp, err := o.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -301,19 +304,6 @@ func (o *KiroOAuth) RefreshTokenWithFingerprint(ctx context.Context, refreshToke
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// buildKiroUserAgent builds a KiroIDE-style User-Agent string.
-// If tokenKey is provided, uses fingerprint manager for consistent fingerprint.
-// Otherwise generates a simple KiroIDE User-Agent.
-func buildKiroUserAgent(tokenKey string) string {
-	if tokenKey != "" {
-		fm := NewFingerprintManager()
-		fp := fm.GetFingerprint(tokenKey)
-		return fmt.Sprintf("KiroIDE-%s-%s", fp.KiroVersion, fp.KiroHash[:16])
-	}
-	// Default KiroIDE User-Agent matching kiro-openai-gateway format
-	return "KiroIDE-0.7.45-cli-proxy-api"
-}
-
 // LoginWithGoogle performs OAuth login with Google using Kiro's social auth.
 // This uses a custom protocol handler (kiro://) to receive the callback.
 func (o *KiroOAuth) LoginWithGoogle(ctx context.Context) (*KiroTokenData, error) {

internal/auth/kiro/oauth_web.go

@@ -35,35 +35,35 @@ const (
 )
 
 type webAuthSession struct {
-	stateID          string
-	deviceCode       string
-	userCode         string
-	authURL          string
-	verificationURI  string
-	expiresIn        int
-	interval         int
-	status           authSessionStatus
-	startedAt        time.Time
-	completedAt      time.Time
-	expiresAt        time.Time
-	error            string
-	tokenData        *KiroTokenData
-	ssoClient        *SSOOIDCClient
-	clientID         string
-	clientSecret     string
-	region           string
-	cancelFunc       context.CancelFunc
-	authMethod       string // "google", "github", "builder-id", "idc"
-	startURL         string // Used for IDC
-	codeVerifier     string // Used for social auth PKCE
-	codeChallenge    string // Used for social auth PKCE
+	stateID         string
+	deviceCode      string
+	userCode        string
+	authURL         string
+	verificationURI string
+	expiresIn       int
+	interval        int
+	status          authSessionStatus
+	startedAt       time.Time
+	completedAt     time.Time
+	expiresAt       time.Time
+	error           string
+	tokenData       *KiroTokenData
+	ssoClient       *SSOOIDCClient
+	clientID        string
+	clientSecret    string
+	region          string
+	cancelFunc      context.CancelFunc
+	authMethod      string // "google", "github", "builder-id", "idc"
+	startURL        string // Used for IDC
+	codeVerifier    string // Used for social auth PKCE
+	codeChallenge   string // Used for social auth PKCE
 }
 
 type OAuthWebHandler struct {
-	cfg              *config.Config
-	sessions         map[string]*webAuthSession
-	mu               sync.RWMutex
-	onTokenObtained  func(*KiroTokenData)
+	cfg             *config.Config
+	sessions        map[string]*webAuthSession
+	mu              sync.RWMutex
+	onTokenObtained func(*KiroTokenData)
 }
 
 func NewOAuthWebHandler(cfg *config.Config) *OAuthWebHandler {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func (h *OAuthWebHandler) handleSelect(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (h *OAuthWebHandler) handleStart(c *gin.Context) {
 	method := c.Query("method")
-	
+
 	if method == "" {
 		c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/v0/oauth/kiro")
 		return
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func (h *OAuthWebHandler) startSocialAuth(c *gin.Context, method string) {
 	}
 
 	socialClient := NewSocialAuthClient(h.cfg)
-	
+
 	var provider string
 	if method == "google" {
 		provider = string(ProviderGoogle)
@@ -373,22 +373,28 @@ func (h *OAuthWebHandler) pollForToken(ctx context.Context, session *webAuthSess
 			}
 
 			expiresAt := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(tokenResp.ExpiresIn) * time.Second)
-			profileArn := session.ssoClient.fetchProfileArn(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken)
-			email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, h.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken)
+
+			// Fetch profileArn for IDC
+			var profileArn string
+			if session.authMethod == "idc" {
+				profileArn = session.ssoClient.FetchProfileArn(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken, session.clientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
+			}
+
+			email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, h.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken, session.clientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
 
 			tokenData := &KiroTokenData{
-					AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
-					RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
-					ProfileArn:   profileArn,
-					ExpiresAt:    expiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
-					AuthMethod:   session.authMethod,
-					Provider:     "AWS",
-					ClientID:     session.clientID,
-					ClientSecret: session.clientSecret,
-					Email:        email,
-					Region:       session.region,
-					StartURL:     session.startURL,
-				}
+				AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
+				RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
+				ProfileArn:   profileArn,
+				ExpiresAt:    expiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
+				AuthMethod:   session.authMethod,
+				Provider:     "AWS",
+				ClientID:     session.clientID,
+				ClientSecret: session.clientSecret,
+				Email:        email,
+				Region:       session.region,
+				StartURL:     session.startURL,
+			}
 
 			h.mu.Lock()
 			session.status = statusSuccess
@@ -442,7 +448,7 @@ func (h *OAuthWebHandler) saveTokenToFile(tokenData *KiroTokenData) {
 	fileName := GenerateTokenFileName(tokenData)
 
 	authFilePath := filepath.Join(authDir, fileName)
-	
+
 	// Convert to storage format and save
 	storage := &KiroTokenStorage{
 		Type:         "kiro",
@@ -459,12 +465,12 @@ func (h *OAuthWebHandler) saveTokenToFile(tokenData *KiroTokenData) {
 		StartURL:     tokenData.StartURL,
 		Email:        tokenData.Email,
 	}
-	
+
 	if err := storage.SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("OAuth Web: failed to save token to file: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
-	
+
 	log.Infof("OAuth Web: token saved to %s", authFilePath)
 }
 

internal/auth/kiro/refresh_manager.go

@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
-// RefreshManager 是后台刷新器的单例管理器
+// RefreshManager is a singleton manager for background token refreshing.
 type RefreshManager struct {
 	mu               sync.Mutex
 	refresher        *BackgroundRefresher
 	ctx              context.Context
 	cancel           context.CancelFunc
 	started          bool
-	onTokenRefreshed func(tokenID string, tokenData *KiroTokenData) // 刷新成功回调
+	onTokenRefreshed func(tokenID string, tokenData *KiroTokenData)
 }
 
 var (
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ var (
 	managerOnce          sync.Once
 )
 
-// GetRefreshManager 获取全局刷新管理器实例
+// GetRefreshManager returns the global RefreshManager singleton.
 func GetRefreshManager() *RefreshManager {
 	managerOnce.Do(func() {
 		globalRefreshManager = &RefreshManager{}
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ func GetRefreshManager() *RefreshManager {
 	return globalRefreshManager
 }
 
-// Initialize 初始化后台刷新器
-// baseDir: token 文件所在的目录
-// cfg: 应用配置
+// Initialize sets up the background refresher.
 func (m *RefreshManager) Initialize(baseDir string, cfg *config.Config) error {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
@@ -58,18 +56,16 @@ func (m *RefreshManager) Initialize(baseDir string, cfg *config.Config) error {
 		baseDir = resolvedBaseDir
 	}
 
-	// 创建 token 存储库
 	repo := NewFileTokenRepository(baseDir)
 
-	// 创建后台刷新器，配置参数
 	opts := []RefresherOption{
-		WithInterval(time.Minute), // 每分钟检查一次
-		WithBatchSize(50),         // 每批最多处理 50 个 token
-		WithConcurrency(10),       // 最多 10 个并发刷新
-		WithConfig(cfg),           // 设置 OAuth 和 SSO 客户端
+		WithInterval(time.Minute),
+		WithBatchSize(50),
+		WithConcurrency(10),
+		WithConfig(cfg),
 	}
 
-	// 如果已设置回调，传递给 BackgroundRefresher
+	// Pass callback to BackgroundRefresher if already set
 	if m.onTokenRefreshed != nil {
 		opts = append(opts, WithOnTokenRefreshed(m.onTokenRefreshed))
 	}
@@ -80,7 +76,7 @@ func (m *RefreshManager) Initialize(baseDir string, cfg *config.Config) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Start 启动后台刷新
+// Start begins background token refreshing.
 func (m *RefreshManager) Start() {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
@@ -102,7 +98,7 @@ func (m *RefreshManager) Start() {
 	log.Info("refresh manager: background refresh started")
 }
 
-// Stop 停止后台刷新
+// Stop halts background token refreshing.
 func (m *RefreshManager) Stop() {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
@@ -123,14 +119,14 @@ func (m *RefreshManager) Stop() {
 	log.Info("refresh manager: background refresh stopped")
 }
 
-// IsRunning 检查后台刷新是否正在运行
+// IsRunning reports whether background refreshing is active.
 func (m *RefreshManager) IsRunning() bool {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
 	return m.started
 }
 
-// UpdateBaseDir 更新 token 目录（用于运行时配置更改）
+// UpdateBaseDir changes the token directory at runtime.
 func (m *RefreshManager) UpdateBaseDir(baseDir string) {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
@@ -143,16 +139,15 @@ func (m *RefreshManager) UpdateBaseDir(baseDir string) {
 	}
 }
 
-// SetOnTokenRefreshed 设置 token 刷新成功后的回调函数
-// 可以在任何时候调用，支持运行时更新回调
-// callback: 回调函数，接收 tokenID（文件名）和新的 token 数据
+// SetOnTokenRefreshed registers a callback invoked after a successful token refresh.
+// Can be called at any time; supports runtime callback updates.
 func (m *RefreshManager) SetOnTokenRefreshed(callback func(tokenID string, tokenData *KiroTokenData)) {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()
 
 	m.onTokenRefreshed = callback
 
-	// 如果 refresher 已经创建，使用并发安全的方式更新它的回调
+	// Update the refresher's callback in a thread-safe manner if already created
 	if m.refresher != nil {
 		m.refresher.callbackMu.Lock()
 		m.refresher.onTokenRefreshed = callback
@@ -162,8 +157,11 @@ func (m *RefreshManager) SetOnTokenRefreshed(callback func(tokenID string, token
 	log.Debug("refresh manager: token refresh callback registered")
 }
 
-// InitializeAndStart 初始化并启动后台刷新（便捷方法）
+// InitializeAndStart initializes and starts background refreshing (convenience method).
 func InitializeAndStart(baseDir string, cfg *config.Config) {
+	// Initialize global fingerprint config
+	initGlobalFingerprintConfig(cfg)
+
 	manager := GetRefreshManager()
 	if err := manager.Initialize(baseDir, cfg); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("refresh manager: initialization failed: %v", err)
@@ -172,7 +170,31 @@ func InitializeAndStart(baseDir string, cfg *config.Config) {
 	manager.Start()
 }
 
-// StopGlobalRefreshManager 停止全局刷新管理器
+// initGlobalFingerprintConfig loads fingerprint settings from application config.
+func initGlobalFingerprintConfig(cfg *config.Config) {
+	if cfg == nil || cfg.KiroFingerprint == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	fpCfg := cfg.KiroFingerprint
+	SetGlobalFingerprintConfig(&FingerprintConfig{
+		OIDCSDKVersion:      fpCfg.OIDCSDKVersion,
+		RuntimeSDKVersion:   fpCfg.RuntimeSDKVersion,
+		StreamingSDKVersion: fpCfg.StreamingSDKVersion,
+		OSType:              fpCfg.OSType,
+		OSVersion:           fpCfg.OSVersion,
+		NodeVersion:         fpCfg.NodeVersion,
+		KiroVersion:         fpCfg.KiroVersion,
+		KiroHash:            fpCfg.KiroHash,
+	})
+	log.Debug("kiro: global fingerprint config loaded")
+}
+
+// InitFingerprintConfig initializes the global fingerprint config from application config.
+func InitFingerprintConfig(cfg *config.Config) {
+	initGlobalFingerprintConfig(cfg)
+}
+
+// StopGlobalRefreshManager stops the global refresh manager.
 func StopGlobalRefreshManager() {
 	if globalRefreshManager != nil {
 		globalRefreshManager.Stop()

internal/auth/kiro/social_auth.go

@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ type SocialAuthClient struct {
 	httpClient      *http.Client
 	cfg             *config.Config
 	protocolHandler *ProtocolHandler
+	machineID       string
+	kiroVersion     string
 }
 
 // NewSocialAuthClient creates a new social auth client.
@@ -92,10 +94,13 @@ func NewSocialAuthClient(cfg *config.Config) *SocialAuthClient {
 	if cfg != nil {
 		client = util.SetProxy(&cfg.SDKConfig, client)
 	}
+	fp := GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint("login")
 	return &SocialAuthClient{
 		httpClient:      client,
 		cfg:             cfg,
 		protocolHandler: NewProtocolHandler(),
+		machineID:       fp.KiroHash,
+		kiroVersion:     fp.KiroVersion,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -229,7 +234,8 @@ func (c *SocialAuthClient) CreateToken(ctx context.Context, req *CreateTokenRequ
 	}
 
 	httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", "KiroIDE-0.7.45-cli-proxy-api")
+	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", fmt.Sprintf("KiroIDE-%s-%s", c.kiroVersion, c.machineID))
+	httpReq.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -269,7 +275,8 @@ func (c *SocialAuthClient) RefreshSocialToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken
 	}
 
 	httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", "cli-proxy-api/1.0.0")
+	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", fmt.Sprintf("KiroIDE-%s-%s", c.kiroVersion, c.machineID))
+	httpReq.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -466,7 +473,7 @@ func forceDefaultProtocolHandler() {
 	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
 		return // Non-Linux platforms use different handler mechanisms
 	}
-	
+
 	// Set our handler as default using xdg-mime
 	cmd := exec.Command("xdg-mime", "default", "kiro-oauth-handler.desktop", "x-scheme-handler/kiro")
 	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {

internal/auth/kiro/sso_oidc.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -40,21 +41,13 @@ const (
 	// Authorization code flow callback
 	authCodeCallbackPath = "/oauth/callback"
 	authCodeCallbackPort = 19877
-
-	// User-Agent to match official Kiro IDE
-	kiroUserAgent = "KiroIDE"
-
-	// IDC token refresh headers (matching Kiro IDE behavior)
-	idcAmzUserAgent = "aws-sdk-js/3.738.0 ua/2.1 os/other lang/js md/browser#unknown_unknown api/sso-oidc#3.738.0 m/E KiroIDE"
 )
 
-// Sentinel errors for OIDC token polling
 var (
 	ErrAuthorizationPending = errors.New("authorization_pending")
 	ErrSlowDown             = errors.New("slow_down")
 )
 
-// SSOOIDCClient handles AWS SSO OIDC authentication.
 type SSOOIDCClient struct {
 	httpClient *http.Client
 	cfg        *config.Config
@@ -74,10 +67,10 @@ func NewSSOOIDCClient(cfg *config.Config) *SSOOIDCClient {
 
 // RegisterClientResponse from AWS SSO OIDC.
 type RegisterClientResponse struct {
-	ClientID                string `json:"clientId"`
-	ClientSecret            string `json:"clientSecret"`
-	ClientIDIssuedAt        int64  `json:"clientIdIssuedAt"`
-	ClientSecretExpiresAt   int64  `json:"clientSecretExpiresAt"`
+	ClientID              string `json:"clientId"`
+	ClientSecret          string `json:"clientSecret"`
+	ClientIDIssuedAt      int64  `json:"clientIdIssuedAt"`
+	ClientSecretExpiresAt int64  `json:"clientSecretExpiresAt"`
 }
 
 // StartDeviceAuthResponse from AWS SSO OIDC.
@@ -174,8 +167,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RegisterClientWithRegion(ctx context.Context, region str
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -220,8 +212,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) StartDeviceAuthorizationWithIDC(ctx context.Context, cli
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -267,8 +258,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) CreateTokenWithRegion(ctx context.Context, clientID, cli
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -311,8 +301,11 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) CreateTokenWithRegion(ctx context.Context, clientID, cli
 	return &result, nil
 }
 
-// RefreshTokenWithRegion refreshes an access token using the refresh token with a specific region.
+// RefreshTokenWithRegion refreshes an access token using the refresh token with a specific OIDC region.
 func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RefreshTokenWithRegion(ctx context.Context, clientID, clientSecret, refreshToken, region, startURL string) (*KiroTokenData, error) {
+	if region == "" {
+		region = defaultIDCRegion
+	}
 	endpoint := getOIDCEndpoint(region)
 
 	payload := map[string]string{
@@ -331,18 +324,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RefreshTokenWithRegion(ctx context.Context, clientID, cl
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	// Set headers matching kiro2api's IDC token refresh
-	// These headers are required for successful IDC token refresh
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("Host", fmt.Sprintf("oidc.%s.amazonaws.com", region))
-	req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
-	req.Header.Set("x-amz-user-agent", idcAmzUserAgent)
-	req.Header.Set("Accept", "*/*")
-	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "*")
-	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-mode", "cors")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "node")
-	req.Header.Set("Accept-Encoding", "br, gzip, deflate")
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -469,10 +451,10 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithIDC(ctx context.Context, startURL, region strin
 
 			// Step 5: Get profile ARN from CodeWhisperer API
 			fmt.Println("Fetching profile information...")
-			profileArn := c.fetchProfileArn(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken)
+			profileArn := c.FetchProfileArn(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken, regResp.ClientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
 
 			// Fetch user email
-			email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, c.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken)
+			email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, c.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken, regResp.ClientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
 			if email != "" {
 				fmt.Printf("  Logged in as: %s\n", email)
 			}
@@ -502,12 +484,36 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithIDC(ctx context.Context, startURL, region strin
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("authorization timed out")
 }
 
+// IDCLoginOptions holds optional parameters for IDC login.
+type IDCLoginOptions struct {
+	StartURL      string // Pre-configured start URL (skips prompt if set)
+	Region        string // OIDC region for login and token refresh (defaults to us-east-1)
+	UseDeviceCode bool   // Use Device Code flow instead of Auth Code flow
+}
+
 // LoginWithMethodSelection prompts the user to select between Builder ID and IDC, then performs the login.
-func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithMethodSelection(ctx context.Context) (*KiroTokenData, error) {
+// Options can be provided to pre-configure IDC parameters (startURL, region).
+// If StartURL is provided in opts, IDC flow is used directly without prompting.
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithMethodSelection(ctx context.Context, opts *IDCLoginOptions) (*KiroTokenData, error) {
 	fmt.Println("\n╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗")
 	fmt.Println("║              Kiro Authentication (AWS)                    ║")
 	fmt.Println("╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝")
 
+	// If IDC options with StartURL are provided, skip method selection and use IDC directly
+	if opts != nil && opts.StartURL != "" {
+		region := opts.Region
+		if region == "" {
+			region = defaultIDCRegion
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("\n  Using IDC with Start URL: %s\n", opts.StartURL)
+		fmt.Printf("  Region: %s\n", region)
+
+		if opts.UseDeviceCode {
+			return c.LoginWithIDCAndOptions(ctx, opts.StartURL, region)
+		}
+		return c.LoginWithIDCAuthCode(ctx, opts.StartURL, region)
+	}
+
 	// Prompt for login method
 	options := []string{
 		"Use with Builder ID (personal AWS account)",
@@ -520,15 +526,41 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithMethodSelection(ctx context.Context) (*KiroToke
 		return c.LoginWithBuilderID(ctx)
 	}
 
-	// IDC flow - prompt for start URL and region
-	fmt.Println()
-	startURL := promptInput("? Enter Start URL", "")
-	if startURL == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start URL is required for IDC login")
+	// IDC flow - use pre-configured values or prompt
+	var startURL, region string
+
+	if opts != nil {
+		startURL = opts.StartURL
+		region = opts.Region
 	}
 
-	region := promptInput("? Enter Region", defaultIDCRegion)
+	fmt.Println()
 
+	// Use pre-configured startURL or prompt
+	if startURL == "" {
+		startURL = promptInput("? Enter Start URL", "")
+		if startURL == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("start URL is required for IDC login")
+		}
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("  Using pre-configured Start URL: %s\n", startURL)
+	}
+
+	// Use pre-configured region or prompt
+	if region == "" {
+		region = promptInput("? Enter Region", defaultIDCRegion)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("  Using pre-configured Region: %s\n", region)
+	}
+
+	if opts != nil && opts.UseDeviceCode {
+		return c.LoginWithIDCAndOptions(ctx, startURL, region)
+	}
+	return c.LoginWithIDCAuthCode(ctx, startURL, region)
+}
+
+// LoginWithIDCAndOptions performs IDC login with the specified region.
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithIDCAndOptions(ctx context.Context, startURL, region string) (*KiroTokenData, error) {
 	return c.LoginWithIDC(ctx, startURL, region)
 }
 
@@ -550,8 +582,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RegisterClient(ctx context.Context) (*RegisterClientResp
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -594,8 +625,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) StartDeviceAuthorization(ctx context.Context, clientID,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -639,8 +669,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) CreateToken(ctx context.Context, clientID, clientSecret,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -702,13 +731,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, clientID, clientSecret
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	// Set headers matching Kiro IDE behavior for better compatibility
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("Host", "oidc.us-east-1.amazonaws.com")
-	req.Header.Set("x-amz-user-agent", idcAmzUserAgent)
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "node")
-	req.Header.Set("Accept", "*/*")
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -835,12 +858,8 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithBuilderID(ctx context.Context) (*KiroTokenData,
 				log.Debugf("Failed to close browser: %v", err)
 			}
 
-			// Step 5: Get profile ARN from CodeWhisperer API
-			fmt.Println("Fetching profile information...")
-			profileArn := c.fetchProfileArn(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken)
-
 			// Fetch user email (tries CodeWhisperer API first, then userinfo endpoint, then JWT parsing)
-			email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, c.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken)
+			email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, c.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken, regResp.ClientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
 			if email != "" {
 				fmt.Printf("  Logged in as: %s\n", email)
 			}
@@ -850,7 +869,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithBuilderID(ctx context.Context) (*KiroTokenData,
 			return &KiroTokenData{
 				AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
 				RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
-				ProfileArn:   profileArn,
+				ProfileArn:   "", // Builder ID has no profile
 				ExpiresAt:    expiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
 				AuthMethod:   "builder-id",
 				Provider:     "AWS",
@@ -859,15 +878,15 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithBuilderID(ctx context.Context) (*KiroTokenData,
 				Email:        email,
 				Region:       defaultIDCRegion,
 			}, nil
-			}
-			}
+		}
+	}
 
-			// Close browser on timeout for better UX
-			if err := browser.CloseBrowser(); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("Failed to close browser on timeout: %v", err)
-			}
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("authorization timed out")
-			}
+	// Close browser on timeout for better UX
+	if err := browser.CloseBrowser(); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("Failed to close browser on timeout: %v", err)
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("authorization timed out")
+}
 
 // FetchUserEmail retrieves the user's email from AWS SSO OIDC userinfo endpoint.
 // Falls back to JWT parsing if userinfo fails.
@@ -931,20 +950,64 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryUserInfoEndpoint(ctx context.Context, accessToken str
 	return ""
 }
 
-// fetchProfileArn retrieves the profile ARN from CodeWhisperer API.
-// This is needed for file naming since AWS SSO OIDC doesn't return profile info.
-func (c *SSOOIDCClient) fetchProfileArn(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) string {
-	// Try ListProfiles API first
-	profileArn := c.tryListProfiles(ctx, accessToken)
+// FetchProfileArn fetches the profile ARN from ListAvailableProfiles API.
+// This is used to get profileArn for imported accounts that may not have it.
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) FetchProfileArn(ctx context.Context, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken string) string {
+	profileArn := c.tryListAvailableProfiles(ctx, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken)
 	if profileArn != "" {
 		return profileArn
 	}
-
-	// Fallback: Try ListAvailableCustomizations
-	return c.tryListCustomizations(ctx, accessToken)
+	return c.tryListProfilesLegacy(ctx, accessToken)
 }
 
-func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryListProfiles(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) string {
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryListAvailableProfiles(ctx context.Context, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken string) string {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, GetKiroAPIEndpoint("")+"/ListAvailableProfiles", strings.NewReader("{}"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	accountKey := GetAccountKey(clientID, refreshToken)
+	setRuntimeHeaders(req, accessToken, accountKey)
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("ListAvailableProfiles request failed: %v", err)
+		return ""
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		log.Debugf("ListAvailableProfiles failed (status %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("ListAvailableProfiles response: %s", string(respBody))
+
+	var result struct {
+		Profiles []struct {
+			Arn         string `json:"arn"`
+			ProfileName string `json:"profileName"`
+		} `json:"profiles"`
+		NextToken *string `json:"nextToken"`
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &result); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("ListAvailableProfiles parse error: %v", err)
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if len(result.Profiles) > 0 {
+		log.Debugf("Found profile: %s (%s)", result.Profiles[0].ProfileName, result.Profiles[0].Arn)
+		return result.Profiles[0].Arn
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryListProfilesLegacy(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) string {
 	payload := map[string]interface{}{
 		"origin": "AI_EDITOR",
 	}
@@ -954,7 +1017,9 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryListProfiles(ctx context.Context, accessToken string)
 		return ""
 	}
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, "https://codewhisperer.us-east-1.amazonaws.com", strings.NewReader(string(body)))
+	// Use the legacy CodeWhisperer endpoint for JSON-RPC style requests.
+	// The Q endpoint (q.{region}.amazonaws.com) does NOT support x-amz-target headers.
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, GetCodeWhispererLegacyEndpoint(""), strings.NewReader(string(body)))
 	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -973,11 +1038,11 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryListProfiles(ctx context.Context, accessToken string)
 	respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 
 	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		log.Debugf("ListProfiles failed (status %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+		log.Debugf("ListProfiles (legacy) failed (status %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
 		return ""
 	}
 
-	log.Debugf("ListProfiles response: %s", string(respBody))
+	log.Debugf("ListProfiles (legacy) response: %s", string(respBody))
 
 	var result struct {
 		Profiles []struct {
@@ -1001,63 +1066,6 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryListProfiles(ctx context.Context, accessToken string)
 	return ""
 }
 
-func (c *SSOOIDCClient) tryListCustomizations(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) string {
-	payload := map[string]interface{}{
-		"origin": "AI_EDITOR",
-	}
-
-	body, err := json.Marshal(payload)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, "https://codewhisperer.us-east-1.amazonaws.com", strings.NewReader(string(body)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-amz-json-1.0")
-	req.Header.Set("x-amz-target", "AmazonCodeWhispererService.ListAvailableCustomizations")
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
-	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
-
-	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-
-	respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		log.Debugf("ListAvailableCustomizations failed (status %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	log.Debugf("ListAvailableCustomizations response: %s", string(respBody))
-
-	var result struct {
-		Customizations []struct {
-			Arn string `json:"arn"`
-		} `json:"customizations"`
-		ProfileArn string `json:"profileArn"`
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	if result.ProfileArn != "" {
-		return result.ProfileArn
-	}
-
-	if len(result.Customizations) > 0 {
-		return result.Customizations[0].Arn
-	}
-
-	return ""
-}
-
 // RegisterClientForAuthCode registers a new OIDC client for authorization code flow.
 func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RegisterClientForAuthCode(ctx context.Context, redirectURI string) (*RegisterClientResponse, error) {
 	payload := map[string]interface{}{
@@ -1078,8 +1086,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RegisterClientForAuthCode(ctx context.Context, redirectU
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1105,6 +1112,53 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RegisterClientForAuthCode(ctx context.Context, redirectU
 	return &result, nil
 }
 
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) RegisterClientForAuthCodeWithIDC(ctx context.Context, redirectURI, issuerUrl, region string) (*RegisterClientResponse, error) {
+	endpoint := getOIDCEndpoint(region)
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"clientName":   "Kiro IDE",
+		"clientType":   "public",
+		"scopes":       []string{"codewhisperer:completions", "codewhisperer:analysis", "codewhisperer:conversations", "codewhisperer:transformations", "codewhisperer:taskassist"},
+		"grantTypes":   []string{"authorization_code", "refresh_token"},
+		"redirectUris": []string{redirectURI},
+		"issuerUrl":    issuerUrl,
+	}
+
+	body, err := json.Marshal(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, endpoint+"/client/register", strings.NewReader(string(body)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		log.Debugf("register client for auth code with IDC failed (status %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("register client failed (status %d)", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	var result RegisterClientResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &result); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &result, nil
+}
+
 // AuthCodeCallbackResult contains the result from authorization code callback.
 type AuthCodeCallbackResult struct {
 	Code  string
@@ -1128,6 +1182,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) startAuthCodeCallbackServer(ctx context.Context, expecte
 	port := listener.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr).Port
 	redirectURI := fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d%s", port, authCodeCallbackPath)
 	resultChan := make(chan AuthCodeCallbackResult, 1)
+	doneChan := make(chan struct{})
 
 	server := &http.Server{
 		ReadHeaderTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
@@ -1147,6 +1202,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) startAuthCodeCallbackServer(ctx context.Context, expecte
 <html><head><title>Login Failed</title></head>
 <body><h1>Login Failed</h1><p>Error: %s</p><p>You can close this window.</p></body></html>`, html.EscapeString(errParam))
 			resultChan <- AuthCodeCallbackResult{Error: errParam}
+			close(doneChan)
 			return
 		}
 
@@ -1156,6 +1212,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) startAuthCodeCallbackServer(ctx context.Context, expecte
 <html><head><title>Login Failed</title></head>
 <body><h1>Login Failed</h1><p>Invalid state parameter</p><p>You can close this window.</p></body></html>`)
 			resultChan <- AuthCodeCallbackResult{Error: "state mismatch"}
+			close(doneChan)
 			return
 		}
 
@@ -1164,6 +1221,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) startAuthCodeCallbackServer(ctx context.Context, expecte
 <body><h1>Login Successful!</h1><p>You can close this window and return to the terminal.</p>
 <script>window.close();</script></body></html>`)
 		resultChan <- AuthCodeCallbackResult{Code: code, State: state}
+		close(doneChan)
 	})
 
 	server.Handler = mux
@@ -1178,7 +1236,7 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) startAuthCodeCallbackServer(ctx context.Context, expecte
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 		case <-time.After(10 * time.Minute):
-		case <-resultChan:
+		case <-doneChan:
 		}
 		_ = server.Shutdown(context.Background())
 	}()
@@ -1227,8 +1285,54 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) CreateTokenWithAuthCode(ctx context.Context, clientID, c
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		log.Debugf("create token with auth code failed (status %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create token failed (status %d)", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	var result CreateTokenResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &result); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &result, nil
+}
+
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) CreateTokenWithAuthCodeAndRegion(ctx context.Context, clientID, clientSecret, code, codeVerifier, redirectURI, region string) (*CreateTokenResponse, error) {
+	endpoint := getOIDCEndpoint(region)
+
+	payload := map[string]string{
+		"clientId":     clientID,
+		"clientSecret": clientSecret,
+		"code":         code,
+		"codeVerifier": codeVerifier,
+		"redirectUri":  redirectURI,
+		"grantType":    "authorization_code",
+	}
+
+	body, err := json.Marshal(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, endpoint+"/token", strings.NewReader(string(body)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	SetOIDCHeaders(req)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1352,12 +1456,118 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithBuilderIDAuthCode(ctx context.Context) (*KiroTo
 
 		fmt.Println("\n✓ Authentication successful!")
 
-		// Step 8: Get profile ARN
-		fmt.Println("Fetching profile information...")
-		profileArn := c.fetchProfileArn(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken)
-
 		// Fetch user email (tries CodeWhisperer API first, then userinfo endpoint, then JWT parsing)
-		email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, c.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken)
+		email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, c.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken, regResp.ClientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
+		if email != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("  Logged in as: %s\n", email)
+		}
+
+		expiresAt := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(tokenResp.ExpiresIn) * time.Second)
+
+		return &KiroTokenData{
+			AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
+			RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
+			ProfileArn:   "", // Builder ID has no profile
+			ExpiresAt:    expiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
+			AuthMethod:   "builder-id",
+			Provider:     "AWS",
+			ClientID:     regResp.ClientID,
+			ClientSecret: regResp.ClientSecret,
+			Email:        email,
+			Region:       defaultIDCRegion,
+		}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithIDCAuthCode(ctx context.Context, startURL, region string) (*KiroTokenData, error) {
+	fmt.Println("\n╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗")
+	fmt.Println("║     Kiro Authentication (AWS IDC - Auth Code)             ║")
+	fmt.Println("╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝")
+
+	if region == "" {
+		region = defaultIDCRegion
+	}
+
+	codeVerifier, codeChallenge, err := generatePKCEForAuthCode()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate PKCE: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	state, err := generateStateForAuthCode()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate state: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\nStarting callback server...")
+	redirectURI, resultChan, err := c.startAuthCodeCallbackServer(ctx, state)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to start callback server: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Debugf("Callback server started, redirect URI: %s", redirectURI)
+
+	fmt.Println("Registering client...")
+	regResp, err := c.RegisterClientForAuthCodeWithIDC(ctx, redirectURI, startURL, region)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to register client: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Debugf("Client registered: %s", regResp.ClientID)
+
+	endpoint := getOIDCEndpoint(region)
+	scopes := "codewhisperer:completions,codewhisperer:analysis,codewhisperer:conversations,codewhisperer:transformations,codewhisperer:taskassist"
+	authURL := buildAuthorizationURL(endpoint, regResp.ClientID, redirectURI, scopes, state, codeChallenge)
+
+	fmt.Println("\n════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════")
+	fmt.Println("  Opening browser for authentication...")
+	fmt.Println("════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════")
+	fmt.Printf("\n  URL: %s\n\n", authURL)
+
+	if c.cfg != nil {
+		browser.SetIncognitoMode(c.cfg.IncognitoBrowser)
+	} else {
+		browser.SetIncognitoMode(true)
+	}
+
+	if err := browser.OpenURL(authURL); err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("Could not open browser automatically: %v", err)
+		fmt.Println("  ⚠ Could not open browser automatically.")
+		fmt.Println("  Please open the URL above in your browser manually.")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("  (Browser opened automatically)")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\n  Waiting for authorization callback...")
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		browser.CloseBrowser()
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	case <-time.After(10 * time.Minute):
+		browser.CloseBrowser()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("authorization timed out")
+	case result := <-resultChan:
+		if result.Error != "" {
+			browser.CloseBrowser()
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("authorization failed: %s", result.Error)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Println("\n✓ Authorization received!")
+
+		if err := browser.CloseBrowser(); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("Failed to close browser: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Println("Exchanging code for tokens...")
+		tokenResp, err := c.CreateTokenWithAuthCodeAndRegion(ctx, regResp.ClientID, regResp.ClientSecret, result.Code, codeVerifier, redirectURI, region)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to exchange code for tokens: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Println("\n✓ Authentication successful!")
+
+		fmt.Println("Fetching profile information...")
+		profileArn := c.FetchProfileArn(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken, regResp.ClientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
+
+		email := FetchUserEmailWithFallback(ctx, c.cfg, tokenResp.AccessToken, regResp.ClientID, tokenResp.RefreshToken)
 		if email != "" {
 			fmt.Printf("  Logged in as: %s\n", email)
 		}
@@ -1369,12 +1579,25 @@ func (c *SSOOIDCClient) LoginWithBuilderIDAuthCode(ctx context.Context) (*KiroTo
 			RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
 			ProfileArn:   profileArn,
 			ExpiresAt:    expiresAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
-			AuthMethod:   "builder-id",
+			AuthMethod:   "idc",
 			Provider:     "AWS",
 			ClientID:     regResp.ClientID,
 			ClientSecret: regResp.ClientSecret,
 			Email:        email,
-			Region:       defaultIDCRegion,
+			StartURL:     startURL,
+			Region:       region,
 		}, nil
 	}
 }
+
+func buildAuthorizationURL(endpoint, clientID, redirectURI, scopes, state, codeChallenge string) string {
+	params := url.Values{}
+	params.Set("response_type", "code")
+	params.Set("client_id", clientID)
+	params.Set("redirect_uri", redirectURI)
+	params.Set("scopes", scopes)
+	params.Set("state", state)
+	params.Set("code_challenge", codeChallenge)
+	params.Set("code_challenge_method", "S256")
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/authorize?%s", endpoint, params.Encode())
+}

internal/auth/kiro/sso_oidc_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+package kiro
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type recordingRoundTripper struct {
+	lastReq *http.Request
+}
+
+func (rt *recordingRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	rt.lastReq = req
+	body := `{"nextToken":null,"profiles":[{"arn":"arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC","profileName":"test"}]}`
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(body)),
+		Header:     make(http.Header),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func TestTryListAvailableProfiles_UsesClientIDForAccountKey(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &recordingRoundTripper{}
+	client := &SSOOIDCClient{
+		httpClient: &http.Client{Transport: rt},
+	}
+
+	profileArn := client.tryListAvailableProfiles(context.Background(), "access-token", "client-id-123", "refresh-token-456")
+	if profileArn == "" {
+		t.Fatal("expected profileArn, got empty result")
+	}
+
+	accountKey := GetAccountKey("client-id-123", "refresh-token-456")
+	fp := GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint(accountKey)
+	expected := fmt.Sprintf("aws-sdk-js/%s KiroIDE-%s-%s", fp.RuntimeSDKVersion, fp.KiroVersion, fp.KiroHash)
+	got := rt.lastReq.Header.Get("X-Amz-User-Agent")
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Errorf("X-Amz-User-Agent = %q, want %q", got, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTryListAvailableProfiles_UsesRefreshTokenWhenClientIDMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &recordingRoundTripper{}
+	client := &SSOOIDCClient{
+		httpClient: &http.Client{Transport: rt},
+	}
+
+	profileArn := client.tryListAvailableProfiles(context.Background(), "access-token", "", "refresh-token-789")
+	if profileArn == "" {
+		t.Fatal("expected profileArn, got empty result")
+	}
+
+	accountKey := GetAccountKey("", "refresh-token-789")
+	fp := GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint(accountKey)
+	expected := fmt.Sprintf("aws-sdk-js/%s KiroIDE-%s-%s", fp.RuntimeSDKVersion, fp.KiroVersion, fp.KiroHash)
+	got := rt.lastReq.Header.Get("X-Amz-User-Agent")
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Errorf("X-Amz-User-Agent = %q, want %q", got, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRegisterClientForAuthCodeWithIDC(t *testing.T) {
+	var capturedReq struct {
+		Method  string
+		Path    string
+		Headers http.Header
+		Body    map[string]interface{}
+	}
+
+	mockResp := RegisterClientResponse{
+		ClientID:              "test-client-id",
+		ClientSecret:          "test-client-secret",
+		ClientIDIssuedAt:      1700000000,
+		ClientSecretExpiresAt: 1700086400,
+	}
+
+	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		capturedReq.Method = r.Method
+		capturedReq.Path = r.URL.Path
+		capturedReq.Headers = r.Header.Clone()
+
+		bodyBytes, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &capturedReq.Body)
+
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(mockResp)
+	}))
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	// Extract host to build a region that resolves to our test server.
+	// Override getOIDCEndpoint by passing region="" and patching the endpoint.
+	// Since getOIDCEndpoint builds "https://oidc.{region}.amazonaws.com", we
+	// instead inject the test server URL directly via a custom HTTP client transport.
+	client := &SSOOIDCClient{
+		httpClient: ts.Client(),
+	}
+
+	// We need to route the request to our test server. Use a transport that rewrites the URL.
+	client.httpClient.Transport = &rewriteTransport{
+		base:      ts.Client().Transport,
+		targetURL: ts.URL,
+	}
+
+	resp, err := client.RegisterClientForAuthCodeWithIDC(
+		context.Background(),
+		"http://127.0.0.1:19877/oauth/callback",
+		"https://my-idc-instance.awsapps.com/start",
+		"us-east-1",
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify request method and path
+	if capturedReq.Method != http.MethodPost {
+		t.Errorf("method = %q, want POST", capturedReq.Method)
+	}
+	if capturedReq.Path != "/client/register" {
+		t.Errorf("path = %q, want /client/register", capturedReq.Path)
+	}
+
+	// Verify headers
+	if ct := capturedReq.Headers.Get("Content-Type"); ct != "application/json" {
+		t.Errorf("Content-Type = %q, want application/json", ct)
+	}
+	ua := capturedReq.Headers.Get("User-Agent")
+	if !strings.Contains(ua, "KiroIDE") {
+		t.Errorf("User-Agent %q does not contain KiroIDE", ua)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ua, "sso-oidc") {
+		t.Errorf("User-Agent %q does not contain sso-oidc", ua)
+	}
+	xua := capturedReq.Headers.Get("X-Amz-User-Agent")
+	if !strings.Contains(xua, "KiroIDE") {
+		t.Errorf("x-amz-user-agent %q does not contain KiroIDE", xua)
+	}
+
+	// Verify body fields
+	if v, _ := capturedReq.Body["clientName"].(string); v != "Kiro IDE" {
+		t.Errorf("clientName = %q, want %q", v, "Kiro IDE")
+	}
+	if v, _ := capturedReq.Body["clientType"].(string); v != "public" {
+		t.Errorf("clientType = %q, want %q", v, "public")
+	}
+	if v, _ := capturedReq.Body["issuerUrl"].(string); v != "https://my-idc-instance.awsapps.com/start" {
+		t.Errorf("issuerUrl = %q, want %q", v, "https://my-idc-instance.awsapps.com/start")
+	}
+
+	// Verify scopes array
+	scopesRaw, ok := capturedReq.Body["scopes"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(scopesRaw) != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf("scopes: got %v, want 5-element array", capturedReq.Body["scopes"])
+	}
+	expectedScopes := []string{
+		"codewhisperer:completions", "codewhisperer:analysis",
+		"codewhisperer:conversations", "codewhisperer:transformations",
+		"codewhisperer:taskassist",
+	}
+	for i, s := range expectedScopes {
+		if scopesRaw[i].(string) != s {
+			t.Errorf("scopes[%d] = %q, want %q", i, scopesRaw[i], s)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify grantTypes
+	grantTypesRaw, ok := capturedReq.Body["grantTypes"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(grantTypesRaw) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("grantTypes: got %v, want 2-element array", capturedReq.Body["grantTypes"])
+	}
+	if grantTypesRaw[0].(string) != "authorization_code" || grantTypesRaw[1].(string) != "refresh_token" {
+		t.Errorf("grantTypes = %v, want [authorization_code, refresh_token]", grantTypesRaw)
+	}
+
+	// Verify redirectUris
+	redirectRaw, ok := capturedReq.Body["redirectUris"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(redirectRaw) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("redirectUris: got %v, want 1-element array", capturedReq.Body["redirectUris"])
+	}
+	if redirectRaw[0].(string) != "http://127.0.0.1:19877/oauth/callback" {
+		t.Errorf("redirectUris[0] = %q, want %q", redirectRaw[0], "http://127.0.0.1:19877/oauth/callback")
+	}
+
+	// Verify response parsing
+	if resp.ClientID != "test-client-id" {
+		t.Errorf("ClientID = %q, want %q", resp.ClientID, "test-client-id")
+	}
+	if resp.ClientSecret != "test-client-secret" {
+		t.Errorf("ClientSecret = %q, want %q", resp.ClientSecret, "test-client-secret")
+	}
+	if resp.ClientIDIssuedAt != 1700000000 {
+		t.Errorf("ClientIDIssuedAt = %d, want %d", resp.ClientIDIssuedAt, 1700000000)
+	}
+	if resp.ClientSecretExpiresAt != 1700086400 {
+		t.Errorf("ClientSecretExpiresAt = %d, want %d", resp.ClientSecretExpiresAt, 1700086400)
+	}
+}
+
+// rewriteTransport redirects all requests to the test server URL.
+type rewriteTransport struct {
+	base      http.RoundTripper
+	targetURL string
+}
+
+func (t *rewriteTransport) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	target, _ := url.Parse(t.targetURL)
+	req.URL.Scheme = target.Scheme
+	req.URL.Host = target.Host
+	if t.base != nil {
+		return t.base.RoundTrip(req)
+	}
+	return http.DefaultTransport.RoundTrip(req)
+}
+
+func TestBuildAuthorizationURL(t *testing.T) {
+	scopes := "codewhisperer:completions,codewhisperer:analysis,codewhisperer:conversations,codewhisperer:transformations,codewhisperer:taskassist"
+	endpoint := "https://oidc.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
+	redirectURI := "http://127.0.0.1:19877/oauth/callback"
+
+	authURL := buildAuthorizationURL(endpoint, "test-client-id", redirectURI, scopes, "random-state", "test-challenge")
+
+	// Verify colons and commas in scopes are percent-encoded
+	if !strings.Contains(authURL, "codewhisperer%3Acompletions") {
+		t.Errorf("expected colons in scopes to be percent-encoded, got: %s", authURL)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(authURL, "completions%2Ccodewhisperer") {
+		t.Errorf("expected commas in scopes to be percent-encoded, got: %s", authURL)
+	}
+
+	// Parse back and verify all parameters round-trip correctly
+	parsed, err := url.Parse(authURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse auth URL: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(authURL, endpoint+"/authorize?") {
+		t.Errorf("expected URL to start with %s/authorize?, got: %s", endpoint, authURL)
+	}
+
+	q := parsed.Query()
+	checks := map[string]string{
+		"response_type":         "code",
+		"client_id":             "test-client-id",
+		"redirect_uri":          redirectURI,
+		"scopes":                scopes,
+		"state":                 "random-state",
+		"code_challenge":        "test-challenge",
+		"code_challenge_method": "S256",
+	}
+	for key, want := range checks {
+		if got := q.Get(key); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %q, want %q", key, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/auth/kiro/token.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ type KiroTokenStorage struct {
 	ClientID string `json:"client_id,omitempty"`
 	// ClientSecret is the OAuth client secret (required for token refresh)
 	ClientSecret string `json:"client_secret,omitempty"`
-	// Region is the AWS region
+	// Region is the OIDC region for IDC login and token refresh
 	Region string `json:"region,omitempty"`
 	// StartURL is the AWS Identity Center start URL (for IDC auth)
 	StartURL string `json:"start_url,omitempty"`

internal/auth/kiro/token_repository.go

@@ -200,36 +200,22 @@ func (r *FileTokenRepository) readTokenFile(path string) (*Token, error) {
 	}
 
 	// 解析各字段
-	if v, ok := metadata["access_token"].(string); ok {
-		token.AccessToken = v
-	}
-	if v, ok := metadata["refresh_token"].(string); ok {
-		token.RefreshToken = v
-	}
-	if v, ok := metadata["client_id"].(string); ok {
-		token.ClientID = v
-	}
-	if v, ok := metadata["client_secret"].(string); ok {
-		token.ClientSecret = v
-	}
-	if v, ok := metadata["region"].(string); ok {
-		token.Region = v
-	}
-	if v, ok := metadata["start_url"].(string); ok {
-		token.StartURL = v
-	}
-	if v, ok := metadata["provider"].(string); ok {
-		token.Provider = v
-	}
+	token.AccessToken, _ = metadata["access_token"].(string)
+	token.RefreshToken, _ = metadata["refresh_token"].(string)
+	token.ClientID, _ = metadata["client_id"].(string)
+	token.ClientSecret, _ = metadata["client_secret"].(string)
+	token.Region, _ = metadata["region"].(string)
+	token.StartURL, _ = metadata["start_url"].(string)
+	token.Provider, _ = metadata["provider"].(string)
 
 	// 解析时间字段
-	if v, ok := metadata["expires_at"].(string); ok {
-		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, v); err == nil {
+	if expiresAtStr, ok := metadata["expires_at"].(string); ok && expiresAtStr != "" {
+		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, expiresAtStr); err == nil {
 			token.ExpiresAt = t
 		}
 	}
-	if v, ok := metadata["last_refresh"].(string); ok {
-		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, v); err == nil {
+	if lastRefreshStr, ok := metadata["last_refresh"].(string); ok && lastRefreshStr != "" {
+		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, lastRefreshStr); err == nil {
 			token.LastVerified = t
 		}
 	}

internal/auth/kiro/usage_checker.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
-	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
@@ -51,14 +50,12 @@ type QuotaStatus struct {
 // UsageChecker provides methods for checking token quota usage.
 type UsageChecker struct {
 	httpClient *http.Client
-	endpoint   string
 }
 
 // NewUsageChecker creates a new UsageChecker instance.
 func NewUsageChecker(cfg *config.Config) *UsageChecker {
 	return &UsageChecker{
 		httpClient: util.SetProxy(&cfg.SDKConfig, &http.Client{Timeout: 30 * time.Second}),
-		endpoint:   awsKiroEndpoint,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -66,7 +63,6 @@ func NewUsageChecker(cfg *config.Config) *UsageChecker {
 func NewUsageCheckerWithClient(client *http.Client) *UsageChecker {
 	return &UsageChecker{
 		httpClient: client,
-		endpoint:   awsKiroEndpoint,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -80,26 +76,23 @@ func (c *UsageChecker) CheckUsage(ctx context.Context, tokenData *KiroTokenData)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("access token is empty")
 	}
 
-	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+	queryParams := map[string]string{
 		"origin":       "AI_EDITOR",
 		"profileArn":   tokenData.ProfileArn,
 		"resourceType": "AGENTIC_REQUEST",
 	}
 
-	jsonBody, err := json.Marshal(payload)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal request: %w", err)
-	}
+	// Use endpoint from profileArn if available
+	endpoint := GetKiroAPIEndpointFromProfileArn(tokenData.ProfileArn)
+	url := buildURL(endpoint, pathGetUsageLimits, queryParams)
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, c.endpoint, strings.NewReader(string(jsonBody)))
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-amz-json-1.0")
-	req.Header.Set("x-amz-target", targetGetUsage)
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+tokenData.AccessToken)
-	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+	accountKey := GetAccountKey(tokenData.ClientID, tokenData.RefreshToken)
+	setRuntimeHeaders(req, tokenData.AccessToken, accountKey)
 
 	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {

internal/cmd/kiro_login.go

@@ -206,3 +206,52 @@ func DoKiroImport(cfg *config.Config, options *LoginOptions) {
 	}
 	fmt.Println("Kiro token import successful!")
 }
+
+func DoKiroIDCLogin(cfg *config.Config, options *LoginOptions, startURL, region, flow string) {
+	if options == nil {
+		options = &LoginOptions{}
+	}
+
+	if startURL == "" {
+		log.Errorf("Kiro IDC login requires --kiro-idc-start-url")
+		fmt.Println("\nUsage: --kiro-idc-login --kiro-idc-start-url https://d-xxx.awsapps.com/start")
+		return
+	}
+
+	manager := newAuthManager()
+
+	authenticator := sdkAuth.NewKiroAuthenticator()
+	metadata := map[string]string{
+		"start-url": startURL,
+		"region":    region,
+		"flow":      flow,
+	}
+
+	record, err := authenticator.Login(context.Background(), cfg, &sdkAuth.LoginOptions{
+		NoBrowser: options.NoBrowser,
+		Metadata:  metadata,
+		Prompt:    options.Prompt,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("Kiro IDC authentication failed: %v", err)
+		fmt.Println("\nTroubleshooting:")
+		fmt.Println("1. Make sure your IDC Start URL is correct")
+		fmt.Println("2. Complete the authorization in the browser")
+		fmt.Println("3. If auth code flow fails, try: --kiro-idc-flow device")
+		return
+	}
+
+	savedPath, err := manager.SaveAuth(record, cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("Failed to save auth: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if savedPath != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("Authentication saved to %s\n", savedPath)
+	}
+	if record != nil && record.Label != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("Authenticated as %s\n", record.Label)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("Kiro IDC authentication successful!")
+}

internal/cmd/login.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/gemini"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
 	sdkAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -27,11 +28,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	geminiCLIEndpoint       = "https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com"
-	geminiCLIVersion        = "v1internal"
-	geminiCLIUserAgent      = "google-api-nodejs-client/9.15.1"
-	geminiCLIApiClient      = "gl-node/22.17.0"
-	geminiCLIClientMetadata = "ideType=IDE_UNSPECIFIED,platform=PLATFORM_UNSPECIFIED,pluginType=GEMINI"
+	geminiCLIEndpoint = "https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com"
+	geminiCLIVersion  = "v1internal"
 )
 
 type projectSelectionRequiredError struct{}
@@ -409,9 +407,7 @@ func callGeminiCLI(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, endpoint string
 		return fmt.Errorf("create request: %w", errRequest)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", geminiCLIUserAgent)
-	req.Header.Set("X-Goog-Api-Client", geminiCLIApiClient)
-	req.Header.Set("Client-Metadata", geminiCLIClientMetadata)
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.GeminiCLIUserAgent(""))
 
 	resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
 	if errDo != nil {
@@ -630,7 +626,7 @@ func checkCloudAPIIsEnabled(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, projec
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", errRequest)
 		}
 		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", geminiCLIUserAgent)
+		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.GeminiCLIUserAgent(""))
 		resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to execute request: %w", errDo)
@@ -651,7 +647,7 @@ func checkCloudAPIIsEnabled(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, projec
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", errRequest)
 		}
 		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", geminiCLIUserAgent)
+		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.GeminiCLIUserAgent(""))
 		resp, errDo = httpClient.Do(req)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to execute request: %w", errDo)

internal/config/config.go

@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	// RequestRetry defines the retry times when the request failed.
 	RequestRetry int `yaml:"request-retry" json:"request-retry"`
+	// MaxRetryCredentials defines the maximum number of credentials to try for a failed request.
+	// Set to 0 or a negative value to keep trying all available credentials (legacy behavior).
+	MaxRetryCredentials int `yaml:"max-retry-credentials" json:"max-retry-credentials"`
 	// MaxRetryInterval defines the maximum wait time in seconds before retrying a cooled-down credential.
 	MaxRetryInterval int `yaml:"max-retry-interval" json:"max-retry-interval"`
 
@@ -87,6 +90,10 @@ type Config struct {
 	// KiroKey defines a list of Kiro (AWS CodeWhisperer) configurations.
 	KiroKey []KiroKey `yaml:"kiro" json:"kiro"`
 
+	// KiroFingerprint defines a global fingerprint configuration for all Kiro requests.
+	// When set, all Kiro requests will use this fixed fingerprint instead of random generation.
+	KiroFingerprint *KiroFingerprintConfig `yaml:"kiro-fingerprint,omitempty" json:"kiro-fingerprint,omitempty"`
+
 	// KiroPreferredEndpoint sets the global default preferred endpoint for all Kiro providers.
 	// Values: "ide" (default, CodeWhisperer) or "cli" (Amazon Q).
 	KiroPreferredEndpoint string `yaml:"kiro-preferred-endpoint" json:"kiro-preferred-endpoint"`
@@ -477,6 +484,9 @@ type KiroKey struct {
 	// Region is the AWS region (default: us-east-1).
 	Region string `yaml:"region,omitempty" json:"region,omitempty"`
 
+	// StartURL is the IAM Identity Center (IDC) start URL for SSO login.
+	StartURL string `yaml:"start-url,omitempty" json:"start-url,omitempty"`
+
 	// ProxyURL optionally overrides the global proxy for this configuration.
 	ProxyURL string `yaml:"proxy-url,omitempty" json:"proxy-url,omitempty"`
 
@@ -489,6 +499,20 @@ type KiroKey struct {
 	PreferredEndpoint string `yaml:"preferred-endpoint,omitempty" json:"preferred-endpoint,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// KiroFingerprintConfig defines a global fingerprint configuration for Kiro requests.
+// When configured, all Kiro requests will use this fixed fingerprint instead of random generation.
+// Empty fields will fall back to random selection from built-in pools.
+type KiroFingerprintConfig struct {
+	OIDCSDKVersion      string `yaml:"oidc-sdk-version,omitempty" json:"oidc-sdk-version,omitempty"`
+	RuntimeSDKVersion   string `yaml:"runtime-sdk-version,omitempty" json:"runtime-sdk-version,omitempty"`
+	StreamingSDKVersion string `yaml:"streaming-sdk-version,omitempty" json:"streaming-sdk-version,omitempty"`
+	OSType              string `yaml:"os-type,omitempty" json:"os-type,omitempty"`
+	OSVersion           string `yaml:"os-version,omitempty" json:"os-version,omitempty"`
+	NodeVersion         string `yaml:"node-version,omitempty" json:"node-version,omitempty"`
+	KiroVersion         string `yaml:"kiro-version,omitempty" json:"kiro-version,omitempty"`
+	KiroHash            string `yaml:"kiro-hash,omitempty" json:"kiro-hash,omitempty"`
+}
+
 // OpenAICompatibility represents the configuration for OpenAI API compatibility
 // with external providers, allowing model aliases to be routed through OpenAI API format.
 type OpenAICompatibility struct {
@@ -555,16 +579,6 @@ func LoadConfig(configFile string) (*Config, error) {
 // If optional is true and the file is missing, it returns an empty Config.
 // If optional is true and the file is empty or invalid, it returns an empty Config.
 func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
-	// NOTE: Startup oauth-model-alias migration is intentionally disabled.
-	// Reason: avoid mutating config.yaml during server startup.
-	// Re-enable the block below if automatic startup migration is needed again.
-	// if migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile); err != nil {
-	// 	// Log warning but don't fail - config loading should still work
-	// 	fmt.Printf("Warning: oauth-model-alias migration failed: %v\n", err)
-	// } else if migrated {
-	// 	fmt.Println("Migrated oauth-model-mappings to oauth-model-alias")
-	// }
-
 	// Read the entire configuration file into memory.
 	data, err := os.ReadFile(configFile)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -652,6 +666,10 @@ func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
 		cfg.ErrorLogsMaxFiles = 10
 	}
 
+	if cfg.MaxRetryCredentials < 0 {
+		cfg.MaxRetryCredentials = 0
+	}
+
 	// Sanitize Gemini API key configuration and migrate legacy entries.
 	cfg.SanitizeGeminiKeys()
 
@@ -1648,9 +1666,6 @@ func pruneMappingToGeneratedKeys(dstRoot, srcRoot *yaml.Node, key string) {
 	srcIdx := findMapKeyIndex(srcRoot, key)
 	if srcIdx < 0 {
 		// Keep an explicit empty mapping for oauth-model-alias when it was previously present.
-		//
-		// Rationale: LoadConfig runs MigrateOAuthModelAlias before unmarshalling. If the
-		// oauth-model-alias key is missing, migration will add the default antigravity aliases.
 		// When users delete the last channel from oauth-model-alias via the management API,
 		// we want that deletion to persist across hot reloads and restarts.
 		if key == "oauth-model-alias" {

internal/config/oauth_model_alias_defaults.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package config
+
+import "strings"
+
+// defaultKiroAliases returns default oauth-model-alias entries for Kiro.
+// These aliases expose standard Claude IDs for Kiro-prefixed upstream models.
+func defaultKiroAliases() []OAuthModelAlias {
+	return []OAuthModelAlias{
+		// Sonnet 4.6
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4-6", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-6", Fork: true},
+		// Sonnet 4.5
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4-5", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4-5", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5", Fork: true},
+		// Sonnet 4
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-20250514", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4", Fork: true},
+		// Opus 4.6
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-opus-4-6", Alias: "claude-opus-4-6", Fork: true},
+		// Opus 4.5
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-opus-4-5", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-opus-4-5", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
+		// Haiku 4.5
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-haiku-4-5", Alias: "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "kiro-claude-haiku-4-5", Alias: "claude-haiku-4-5", Fork: true},
+	}
+}
+
+// defaultGitHubCopilotAliases returns default oauth-model-alias entries for
+// GitHub Copilot Claude models. It exposes hyphen-style IDs used by clients.
+func defaultGitHubCopilotAliases() []OAuthModelAlias {
+	return []OAuthModelAlias{
+		{Name: "claude-haiku-4.5", Alias: "claude-haiku-4-5", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "claude-opus-4.1", Alias: "claude-opus-4-1", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "claude-opus-4.5", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "claude-opus-4.6", Alias: "claude-opus-4-6", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4.5", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4.6", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-6", Fork: true},
+	}
+}
+
+// GitHubCopilotAliasesFromModels generates oauth-model-alias entries from a dynamic
+// list of model IDs fetched from the Copilot API. It auto-creates aliases for
+// models whose ID contains a dot (e.g. "claude-opus-4.6" → "claude-opus-4-6"),
+// which is the pattern used by Claude models on Copilot.
+func GitHubCopilotAliasesFromModels(modelIDs []string) []OAuthModelAlias {
+	var aliases []OAuthModelAlias
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, id := range modelIDs {
+		if !strings.Contains(id, ".") {
+			continue
+		}
+		hyphenID := strings.ReplaceAll(id, ".", "-")
+		key := id + "→" + hyphenID
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+		aliases = append(aliases, OAuthModelAlias{Name: id, Alias: hyphenID, Fork: true})
+	}
+	return aliases
+}

internal/config/oauth_model_alias_migration.go

@@ -1,314 +0,0 @@
-package config
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
-)
-
-// antigravityModelConversionTable maps old built-in aliases to actual model names
-// for the antigravity channel during migration.
-var antigravityModelConversionTable = map[string]string{
-	"gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025": "rev19-uic3-1p",
-	"gemini-3-pro-image-preview":              "gemini-3-pro-image",
-	"gemini-3-pro-preview":                    "gemini-3-pro-high",
-	"gemini-3-flash-preview":                  "gemini-3-flash",
-	"gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5":                "claude-sonnet-4-5",
-	"gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking":       "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking",
-	"gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking":         "claude-opus-4-5-thinking",
-	"gemini-claude-opus-4-6-thinking":         "claude-opus-4-6-thinking",
-}
-
-// defaultKiroAliases returns the default oauth-model-alias configuration
-// for the kiro channel. Maps kiro-prefixed model names to standard Claude model
-// names so that clients like Claude Code can use standard names directly.
-func defaultKiroAliases() []OAuthModelAlias {
-	return []OAuthModelAlias{
-		// Sonnet 4.5
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4-5", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4-5", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5", Fork: true},
-		// Sonnet 4
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-20250514", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-sonnet-4", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4", Fork: true},
-		// Opus 4.6
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-opus-4-6", Alias: "claude-opus-4-6", Fork: true},
-		// Opus 4.5
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-opus-4-5", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-opus-4-5", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
-		// Haiku 4.5
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-haiku-4-5", Alias: "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "kiro-claude-haiku-4-5", Alias: "claude-haiku-4-5", Fork: true},
-	}
-}
-
-// defaultGitHubCopilotAliases returns default oauth-model-alias entries that
-// expose Claude hyphen-style IDs for GitHub Copilot Claude models.
-// This keeps compatibility with clients (e.g. Claude Code) that use
-// Anthropic-style model IDs like "claude-opus-4-6".
-func defaultGitHubCopilotAliases() []OAuthModelAlias {
-	return []OAuthModelAlias{
-		{Name: "claude-haiku-4.5", Alias: "claude-haiku-4-5", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "claude-opus-4.1", Alias: "claude-opus-4-1", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "claude-opus-4.5", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "claude-opus-4.6", Alias: "claude-opus-4-6", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4.5", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4.6", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-6", Fork: true},
-	}
-}
-
-// defaultAntigravityAliases returns the default oauth-model-alias configuration
-// for the antigravity channel when neither field exists.
-func defaultAntigravityAliases() []OAuthModelAlias {
-	return []OAuthModelAlias{
-		{Name: "rev19-uic3-1p", Alias: "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"},
-		{Name: "gemini-3-pro-image", Alias: "gemini-3-pro-image-preview"},
-		{Name: "gemini-3-pro-high", Alias: "gemini-3-pro-preview"},
-		{Name: "gemini-3-flash", Alias: "gemini-3-flash-preview"},
-		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4-5", Alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5"},
-		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking", Alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"},
-		{Name: "claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking"},
-		{Name: "claude-opus-4-6-thinking", Alias: "gemini-claude-opus-4-6-thinking"},
-	}
-}
-
-// MigrateOAuthModelAlias checks for and performs migration from oauth-model-mappings
-// to oauth-model-alias at startup. Returns true if migration was performed.
-//
-// Migration flow:
-// 1. Check if oauth-model-alias exists -> skip migration
-// 2. Check if oauth-model-mappings exists -> convert and migrate
-//   - For antigravity channel, convert old built-in aliases to actual model names
-//
-// 3. Neither exists -> add default antigravity config
-func MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile string) (bool, error) {
-	data, err := os.ReadFile(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			return false, nil
-		}
-		return false, err
-	}
-	if len(data) == 0 {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	// Parse YAML into node tree to preserve structure
-	var root yaml.Node
-	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, &root); err != nil {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-	if root.Kind != yaml.DocumentNode || len(root.Content) == 0 {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-	rootMap := root.Content[0]
-	if rootMap == nil || rootMap.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	// Check if oauth-model-alias already exists
-	if findMapKeyIndex(rootMap, "oauth-model-alias") >= 0 {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	// Check if oauth-model-mappings exists
-	oldIdx := findMapKeyIndex(rootMap, "oauth-model-mappings")
-	if oldIdx >= 0 {
-		// Migrate from old field
-		return migrateFromOldField(configFile, &root, rootMap, oldIdx)
-	}
-
-	// Neither field exists - add default antigravity config
-	return addDefaultAntigravityConfig(configFile, &root, rootMap)
-}
-
-// migrateFromOldField converts oauth-model-mappings to oauth-model-alias
-func migrateFromOldField(configFile string, root *yaml.Node, rootMap *yaml.Node, oldIdx int) (bool, error) {
-	if oldIdx+1 >= len(rootMap.Content) {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-	oldValue := rootMap.Content[oldIdx+1]
-	if oldValue == nil || oldValue.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	// Parse the old aliases
-	oldAliases := parseOldAliasNode(oldValue)
-	if len(oldAliases) == 0 {
-		// Remove the old field and write
-		removeMapKeyByIndex(rootMap, oldIdx)
-		return writeYAMLNode(configFile, root)
-	}
-
-	// Convert model names for antigravity channel
-	newAliases := make(map[string][]OAuthModelAlias, len(oldAliases))
-	for channel, entries := range oldAliases {
-		converted := make([]OAuthModelAlias, 0, len(entries))
-		for _, entry := range entries {
-			newEntry := OAuthModelAlias{
-				Name:  entry.Name,
-				Alias: entry.Alias,
-				Fork:  entry.Fork,
-			}
-			// Convert model names for antigravity channel
-			if strings.EqualFold(channel, "antigravity") {
-				if actual, ok := antigravityModelConversionTable[entry.Name]; ok {
-					newEntry.Name = actual
-				}
-			}
-			converted = append(converted, newEntry)
-		}
-		newAliases[channel] = converted
-	}
-
-	// For antigravity channel, supplement missing default aliases
-	if antigravityEntries, exists := newAliases["antigravity"]; exists {
-		// Build a set of already configured model names (upstream names)
-		configuredModels := make(map[string]bool, len(antigravityEntries))
-		for _, entry := range antigravityEntries {
-			configuredModels[entry.Name] = true
-		}
-
-		// Add missing default aliases
-		for _, defaultAlias := range defaultAntigravityAliases() {
-			if !configuredModels[defaultAlias.Name] {
-				antigravityEntries = append(antigravityEntries, defaultAlias)
-			}
-		}
-		newAliases["antigravity"] = antigravityEntries
-	}
-
-	// Build new node
-	newNode := buildOAuthModelAliasNode(newAliases)
-
-	// Replace old key with new key and value
-	rootMap.Content[oldIdx].Value = "oauth-model-alias"
-	rootMap.Content[oldIdx+1] = newNode
-
-	return writeYAMLNode(configFile, root)
-}
-
-// addDefaultAntigravityConfig adds the default antigravity configuration
-func addDefaultAntigravityConfig(configFile string, root *yaml.Node, rootMap *yaml.Node) (bool, error) {
-	defaults := map[string][]OAuthModelAlias{
-		"antigravity": defaultAntigravityAliases(),
-	}
-	newNode := buildOAuthModelAliasNode(defaults)
-
-	// Add new key-value pair
-	keyNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "oauth-model-alias"}
-	rootMap.Content = append(rootMap.Content, keyNode, newNode)
-
-	return writeYAMLNode(configFile, root)
-}
-
-// parseOldAliasNode parses the old oauth-model-mappings node structure
-func parseOldAliasNode(node *yaml.Node) map[string][]OAuthModelAlias {
-	if node == nil || node.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
-		return nil
-	}
-	result := make(map[string][]OAuthModelAlias)
-	for i := 0; i+1 < len(node.Content); i += 2 {
-		channelNode := node.Content[i]
-		entriesNode := node.Content[i+1]
-		if channelNode == nil || entriesNode == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(channelNode.Value))
-		if channel == "" || entriesNode.Kind != yaml.SequenceNode {
-			continue
-		}
-		entries := make([]OAuthModelAlias, 0, len(entriesNode.Content))
-		for _, entryNode := range entriesNode.Content {
-			if entryNode == nil || entryNode.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
-				continue
-			}
-			entry := parseAliasEntry(entryNode)
-			if entry.Name != "" && entry.Alias != "" {
-				entries = append(entries, entry)
-			}
-		}
-		if len(entries) > 0 {
-			result[channel] = entries
-		}
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-// parseAliasEntry parses a single alias entry node
-func parseAliasEntry(node *yaml.Node) OAuthModelAlias {
-	var entry OAuthModelAlias
-	for i := 0; i+1 < len(node.Content); i += 2 {
-		keyNode := node.Content[i]
-		valNode := node.Content[i+1]
-		if keyNode == nil || valNode == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(keyNode.Value)) {
-		case "name":
-			entry.Name = strings.TrimSpace(valNode.Value)
-		case "alias":
-			entry.Alias = strings.TrimSpace(valNode.Value)
-		case "fork":
-			entry.Fork = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(valNode.Value)) == "true"
-		}
-	}
-	return entry
-}
-
-// buildOAuthModelAliasNode creates a YAML node for oauth-model-alias
-func buildOAuthModelAliasNode(aliases map[string][]OAuthModelAlias) *yaml.Node {
-	node := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.MappingNode, Tag: "!!map"}
-	for channel, entries := range aliases {
-		channelNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: channel}
-		entriesNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.SequenceNode, Tag: "!!seq"}
-		for _, entry := range entries {
-			entryNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.MappingNode, Tag: "!!map"}
-			entryNode.Content = append(entryNode.Content,
-				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "name"},
-				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: entry.Name},
-				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "alias"},
-				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: entry.Alias},
-			)
-			if entry.Fork {
-				entryNode.Content = append(entryNode.Content,
-					&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "fork"},
-					&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!bool", Value: "true"},
-				)
-			}
-			entriesNode.Content = append(entriesNode.Content, entryNode)
-		}
-		node.Content = append(node.Content, channelNode, entriesNode)
-	}
-	return node
-}
-
-// removeMapKeyByIndex removes a key-value pair from a mapping node by index
-func removeMapKeyByIndex(mapNode *yaml.Node, keyIdx int) {
-	if mapNode == nil || mapNode.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
-		return
-	}
-	if keyIdx < 0 || keyIdx+1 >= len(mapNode.Content) {
-		return
-	}
-	mapNode.Content = append(mapNode.Content[:keyIdx], mapNode.Content[keyIdx+2:]...)
-}
-
-// writeYAMLNode writes the YAML node tree back to file
-func writeYAMLNode(configFile string, root *yaml.Node) (bool, error) {
-	f, err := os.Create(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	enc := yaml.NewEncoder(f)
-	enc.SetIndent(2)
-	if err := enc.Encode(root); err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	if err := enc.Close(); err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	return true, nil
-}

internal/config/oauth_model_alias_migration_test.go

@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-package config
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
-)
-
-func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_SkipsIfNewFieldExists(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
-
-	content := `oauth-model-alias:
-  gemini-cli:
-    - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
-      alias: "g2.5p"
-`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if migrated {
-		t.Fatal("expected no migration when oauth-model-alias already exists")
-	}
-
-	// Verify file unchanged
-	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
-	if !strings.Contains(string(data), "oauth-model-alias:") {
-		t.Fatal("file should still contain oauth-model-alias")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_MigratesOldField(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
-
-	content := `oauth-model-mappings:
-  gemini-cli:
-    - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
-      alias: "g2.5p"
-      fork: true
-`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !migrated {
-		t.Fatal("expected migration to occur")
-	}
-
-	// Verify new field exists and old field removed
-	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
-	if strings.Contains(string(data), "oauth-model-mappings:") {
-		t.Fatal("old field should be removed")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(string(data), "oauth-model-alias:") {
-		t.Fatal("new field should exist")
-	}
-
-	// Parse and verify structure
-	var root yaml.Node
-	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, &root); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_ConvertsAntigravityModels(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
-
-	// Use old model names that should be converted
-	content := `oauth-model-mappings:
-  antigravity:
-    - name: "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"
-      alias: "computer-use"
-    - name: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
-      alias: "g3p"
-`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !migrated {
-		t.Fatal("expected migration to occur")
-	}
-
-	// Verify model names were converted
-	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
-	content = string(data)
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "rev19-uic3-1p") {
-		t.Fatal("expected gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025 to be converted to rev19-uic3-1p")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "gemini-3-pro-high") {
-		t.Fatal("expected gemini-3-pro-preview to be converted to gemini-3-pro-high")
-	}
-
-	// Verify missing default aliases were supplemented
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "gemini-3-pro-image") {
-		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias gemini-3-pro-image to be added")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "gemini-3-flash") {
-		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias gemini-3-flash to be added")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "claude-sonnet-4-5") {
-		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias claude-sonnet-4-5 to be added")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking") {
-		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking to be added")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "claude-opus-4-5-thinking") {
-		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias claude-opus-4-5-thinking to be added")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "claude-opus-4-6-thinking") {
-		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias claude-opus-4-6-thinking to be added")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_AddsDefaultIfNeitherExists(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
-
-	content := `debug: true
-port: 8080
-`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !migrated {
-		t.Fatal("expected migration to add default config")
-	}
-
-	// Verify default antigravity config was added
-	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
-	content = string(data)
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "oauth-model-alias:") {
-		t.Fatal("expected oauth-model-alias to be added")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "antigravity:") {
-		t.Fatal("expected antigravity channel to be added")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "rev19-uic3-1p") {
-		t.Fatal("expected default antigravity aliases to include rev19-uic3-1p")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_PreservesOtherConfig(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
-
-	content := `debug: true
-port: 8080
-oauth-model-mappings:
-  gemini-cli:
-    - name: "test"
-      alias: "t"
-api-keys:
-  - "key1"
-  - "key2"
-`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !migrated {
-		t.Fatal("expected migration to occur")
-	}
-
-	// Verify other config preserved
-	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
-	content = string(data)
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "debug: true") {
-		t.Fatal("expected debug field to be preserved")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "port: 8080") {
-		t.Fatal("expected port field to be preserved")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(content, "api-keys:") {
-		t.Fatal("expected api-keys field to be preserved")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_NonexistentFile(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias("/nonexistent/path/config.yaml")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error for nonexistent file: %v", err)
-	}
-	if migrated {
-		t.Fatal("expected no migration for nonexistent file")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_EmptyFile(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
-
-	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(""), 0644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if migrated {
-		t.Fatal("expected no migration for empty file")
-	}
-}

internal/config/vertex_compat.go

@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ type VertexCompatKey struct {
 
 	// Models defines the model configurations including aliases for routing.
 	Models []VertexCompatModel `yaml:"models,omitempty" json:"models,omitempty"`
+
+	// ExcludedModels lists model IDs that should be excluded for this provider.
+	ExcludedModels []string `yaml:"excluded-models,omitempty" json:"excluded-models,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (k VertexCompatKey) GetAPIKey() string  { return k.APIKey }
@@ -74,6 +77,7 @@ func (cfg *Config) SanitizeVertexCompatKeys() {
 		}
 		entry.ProxyURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
 		entry.Headers = NormalizeHeaders(entry.Headers)
+		entry.ExcludedModels = NormalizeExcludedModels(entry.ExcludedModels)
 
 		// Sanitize models: remove entries without valid alias
 		sanitizedModels := make([]VertexCompatModel, 0, len(entry.Models))

internal/misc/claude_code_instructions.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-[{"type":"text","text":"You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude.","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}]
+[{"type":"text","text":"You are a Claude agent, built on Anthropic's Claude Agent SDK.","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}]

internal/misc/header_utils.go

@@ -4,10 +4,98 @@
 package misc
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 )
 
+const (
+	// GeminiCLIVersion is the version string reported in the User-Agent for upstream requests.
+	GeminiCLIVersion = "0.31.0"
+
+	// GeminiCLIApiClientHeader is the value for the X-Goog-Api-Client header sent to the Gemini CLI upstream.
+	GeminiCLIApiClientHeader = "google-genai-sdk/1.41.0 gl-node/v22.19.0"
+)
+
+// geminiCLIOS maps Go runtime OS names to the Node.js-style platform strings used by Gemini CLI.
+func geminiCLIOS() string {
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "windows":
+		return "win32"
+	default:
+		return runtime.GOOS
+	}
+}
+
+// geminiCLIArch maps Go runtime architecture names to the Node.js-style arch strings used by Gemini CLI.
+func geminiCLIArch() string {
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	case "amd64":
+		return "x64"
+	case "386":
+		return "x86"
+	default:
+		return runtime.GOARCH
+	}
+}
+
+// GeminiCLIUserAgent returns a User-Agent string that matches the Gemini CLI format.
+// The model parameter is included in the UA; pass "" or "unknown" when the model is not applicable.
+func GeminiCLIUserAgent(model string) string {
+	if model == "" {
+		model = "unknown"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("GeminiCLI/%s/%s (%s; %s)", GeminiCLIVersion, model, geminiCLIOS(), geminiCLIArch())
+}
+
+// ScrubProxyAndFingerprintHeaders removes all headers that could reveal
+// proxy infrastructure, client identity, or browser fingerprints from an
+// outgoing request. This ensures requests to upstream services look like they
+// originate directly from a native client rather than a third-party client
+// behind a reverse proxy.
+func ScrubProxyAndFingerprintHeaders(req *http.Request) {
+	if req == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// --- Proxy tracing headers ---
+	req.Header.Del("X-Forwarded-For")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Forwarded-Host")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Forwarded-Proto")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Forwarded-Port")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Real-IP")
+	req.Header.Del("Forwarded")
+	req.Header.Del("Via")
+
+	// --- Client identity headers ---
+	req.Header.Del("X-Title")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Stainless-Lang")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Stainless-Package-Version")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Stainless-Os")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Stainless-Arch")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Stainless-Runtime")
+	req.Header.Del("X-Stainless-Runtime-Version")
+	req.Header.Del("Http-Referer")
+	req.Header.Del("Referer")
+
+	// --- Browser / Chromium fingerprint headers ---
+	// These are sent by Electron-based clients (e.g. CherryStudio) using the
+	// Fetch API, but NOT by Node.js https module (which Antigravity uses).
+	req.Header.Del("Sec-Ch-Ua")
+	req.Header.Del("Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile")
+	req.Header.Del("Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform")
+	req.Header.Del("Sec-Fetch-Mode")
+	req.Header.Del("Sec-Fetch-Site")
+	req.Header.Del("Sec-Fetch-Dest")
+	req.Header.Del("Priority")
+
+	// --- Encoding negotiation ---
+	// Antigravity (Node.js) sends "gzip, deflate, br" by default;
+	// Electron-based clients may add "zstd" which is a fingerprint mismatch.
+	req.Header.Del("Accept-Encoding")
+}
+
 // EnsureHeader ensures that a header exists in the target header map by checking
 // multiple sources in order of priority: source headers, existing target headers,
 // and finally the default value. It only sets the header if it's not already present

internal/registry/model_definitions.go

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 //   - kiro
 //   - kilo
 //   - github-copilot
-//   - kiro
 //   - amazonq
 //   - antigravity (returns static overrides only)
 func GetStaticModelDefinitionsByChannel(channel string) []*ModelInfo {
@@ -152,6 +151,7 @@ func GetGitHubCopilotModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			Description:         "OpenAI GPT-4.1 via GitHub Copilot",
 			ContextLength:       128000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 16384,
+			SupportedEndpoints:  []string{"/chat/completions", "/responses"},
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ func GetGitHubCopilotModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			Description:         entry.Description,
 			ContextLength:       128000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 16384,
+			SupportedEndpoints:  []string{"/chat/completions", "/responses"},
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -696,6 +697,42 @@ func GetKiroModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 64000,
 			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 32000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true},
 		},
+		{
+			ID:                  "kiro-deepseek-3-2-agentic",
+			Object:              "model",
+			Created:             1732752000,
+			OwnedBy:             "aws",
+			Type:                "kiro",
+			DisplayName:         "Kiro DeepSeek 3.2 (Agentic)",
+			Description:         "DeepSeek 3.2 optimized for coding agents (chunked writes)",
+			ContextLength:       128000,
+			MaxCompletionTokens: 32768,
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 32000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:                  "kiro-minimax-m2-1-agentic",
+			Object:              "model",
+			Created:             1732752000,
+			OwnedBy:             "aws",
+			Type:                "kiro",
+			DisplayName:         "Kiro MiniMax M2.1 (Agentic)",
+			Description:         "MiniMax M2.1 optimized for coding agents (chunked writes)",
+			ContextLength:       200000,
+			MaxCompletionTokens: 64000,
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 32000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:                  "kiro-qwen3-coder-next-agentic",
+			Object:              "model",
+			Created:             1732752000,
+			OwnedBy:             "aws",
+			Type:                "kiro",
+			DisplayName:         "Kiro Qwen3 Coder Next (Agentic)",
+			Description:         "Qwen3 Coder Next optimized for coding agents (chunked writes)",
+			ContextLength:       128000,
+			MaxCompletionTokens: 32768,
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 32000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true},
+		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/registry/model_definitions_static_data.go

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			DisplayName:         "Claude 4.6 Sonnet",
 			ContextLength:       200000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 64000,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: false},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: false, Levels: []string{"low", "medium", "high"}},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-opus-4-6",
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			Description:         "Premium model combining maximum intelligence with practical performance",
 			ContextLength:       1000000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 128000,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: false},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: false, Levels: []string{"low", "medium", "high", "max"}},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-sonnet-4-6",
@@ -211,6 +211,21 @@ func GetGeminiModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
 			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}},
 		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "gemini-3.1-flash-image-preview",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1771459200,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/gemini-3.1-flash-image-preview",
+			Version:                    "3.1",
+			DisplayName:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Image Preview",
+			Description:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Image Preview",
+			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
+			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
+			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "high"}},
+		},
 		{
 			ID:                         "gemini-3-flash-preview",
 			Object:                     "model",
@@ -220,12 +235,27 @@ func GetGeminiModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			Name:                       "models/gemini-3-flash-preview",
 			Version:                    "3.0",
 			DisplayName:                "Gemini 3 Flash Preview",
-			Description:                "Gemini 3 Flash Preview",
+			Description:                "Our most intelligent model built for speed, combining frontier intelligence with superior search and grounding.",
 			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
 			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
 			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}},
 		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1776288000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Version:                    "3.1",
+			DisplayName:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview",
+			Description:                "Our smallest and most cost effective model, built for at scale usage.",
+			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
+			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
+			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "high"}},
+		},
 		{
 			ID:                         "gemini-3-pro-image-preview",
 			Object:                     "model",
@@ -336,6 +366,32 @@ func GetGeminiVertexModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
 			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}},
 		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "gemini-3.1-flash-image-preview",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1771459200,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/gemini-3.1-flash-image-preview",
+			Version:                    "3.1",
+			DisplayName:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Image Preview",
+			Description:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Image Preview",
+		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1776288000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Version:                    "3.1",
+			DisplayName:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview",
+			Description:                "Our smallest and most cost effective model, built for at scale usage.",
+			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
+			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
+			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "high"}},
+		},
 		{
 			ID:                         "gemini-3-pro-image-preview",
 			Object:                     "model",
@@ -508,6 +564,21 @@ func GetGeminiCLIModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
 			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}},
 		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1776288000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Version:                    "3.1",
+			DisplayName:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview",
+			Description:                "Our smallest and most cost effective model, built for at scale usage.",
+			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
+			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
+			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "high"}},
+		},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -604,6 +675,21 @@ func GetAIStudioModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
 			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
 		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1776288000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview",
+			Version:                    "3.1",
+			DisplayName:                "Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview",
+			Description:                "Our smallest and most cost effective model, built for at scale usage.",
+			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
+			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
+			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "high"}},
+		},
 		{
 			ID:                         "gemini-pro-latest",
 			Object:                     "model",
@@ -839,6 +925,20 @@ func GetOpenAIModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			SupportedParameters: []string{"tools"},
 			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Levels: []string{"low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"}},
 		},
+		{
+			ID:                  "gpt-5.4",
+			Object:              "model",
+			Created:             1772668800,
+			OwnedBy:             "openai",
+			Type:                "openai",
+			Version:             "gpt-5.4",
+			DisplayName:         "GPT 5.4",
+			Description:         "Stable version of GPT 5.4",
+			ContextLength:       1_050_000,
+			MaxCompletionTokens: 128000,
+			SupportedParameters: []string{"tools"},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Levels: []string{"low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"}},
+		},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -916,19 +1016,12 @@ func GetIFlowModels() []*ModelInfo {
 		Created     int64
 		Thinking    *ThinkingSupport
 	}{
-		{ID: "tstars2.0", DisplayName: "TStars-2.0", Description: "iFlow TStars-2.0 multimodal assistant", Created: 1746489600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-coder-plus", DisplayName: "Qwen3-Coder-Plus", Description: "Qwen3 Coder Plus code generation", Created: 1753228800},
 		{ID: "qwen3-max", DisplayName: "Qwen3-Max", Description: "Qwen3 flagship model", Created: 1758672000},
 		{ID: "qwen3-vl-plus", DisplayName: "Qwen3-VL-Plus", Description: "Qwen3 multimodal vision-language", Created: 1758672000},
 		{ID: "qwen3-max-preview", DisplayName: "Qwen3-Max-Preview", Description: "Qwen3 Max preview build", Created: 1757030400, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "kimi-k2-0905", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2-Instruct-0905", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2 instruct 0905", Created: 1757030400},
 		{ID: "glm-4.6", DisplayName: "GLM-4.6", Description: "Zhipu GLM 4.6 general model", Created: 1759190400, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "glm-4.7", DisplayName: "GLM-4.7", Description: "Zhipu GLM 4.7 general model", Created: 1766448000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "glm-5", DisplayName: "GLM-5", Description: "Zhipu GLM 5 general model", Created: 1770768000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "kimi-k2", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2 general model", Created: 1752192000},
-		{ID: "kimi-k2-thinking", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2-Thinking", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2 thinking model", Created: 1762387200},
-		{ID: "deepseek-v3.2-chat", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.2", Description: "DeepSeek V3.2 Chat", Created: 1764576000},
-		{ID: "deepseek-v3.2-reasoner", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.2", Description: "DeepSeek V3.2 Reasoner", Created: 1764576000},
 		{ID: "deepseek-v3.2", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp", Description: "DeepSeek V3.2 experimental", Created: 1759104000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "deepseek-v3.1", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.1-Terminus", Description: "DeepSeek V3.1 Terminus", Created: 1756339200, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "deepseek-r1", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-R1", Description: "DeepSeek reasoning model R1", Created: 1737331200},
@@ -937,11 +1030,7 @@ func GetIFlowModels() []*ModelInfo {
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b-a22b-thinking-2507", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B Thinking (2507)", Created: 1753401600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b-a22b-instruct", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B-Instruct", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B Instruct", Created: 1753401600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B", Created: 1753401600},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2", Description: "MiniMax M2", Created: 1758672000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2.1", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2.1", Description: "MiniMax M2.1", Created: 1766448000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2.5", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2.5", Description: "MiniMax M2.5", Created: 1770825600, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "iflow-rome-30ba3b", DisplayName: "iFlow-ROME", Description: "iFlow Rome 30BA3B model", Created: 1736899200},
-		{ID: "kimi-k2.5", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2.5", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2.5", Created: 1769443200, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 	}
 	models := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(entries))
 	for _, entry := range entries {
@@ -970,21 +1059,18 @@ type AntigravityModelConfig struct {
 // Keys use upstream model names returned by the Antigravity models endpoint.
 func GetAntigravityModelConfig() map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig {
 	return map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig{
-		// "rev19-uic3-1p":              {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true}},
-		"gemini-2.5-flash":           {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}},
-		"gemini-2.5-flash-lite":      {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}},
-		"gemini-3-pro-high":          {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
-		"gemini-3-pro-image":         {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
-		"gemini-3.1-pro-high":        {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
-		"gemini-3-flash":             {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}}},
-		"claude-opus-4-5-thinking":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"claude-opus-4-6-thinking":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"claude-sonnet-4-5":          {MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"claude-sonnet-4-6":          {MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"claude-sonnet-4-6-thinking": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"gpt-oss-120b-medium":        {},
-		"tab_flash_lite_preview":     {},
+		"gemini-2.5-flash":         {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}},
+		"gemini-2.5-flash-lite":    {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}},
+		"gemini-3-pro-high":        {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3-pro-low":         {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3.1-pro-high":      {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3.1-pro-low":       {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3.1-flash-image":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3-flash":           {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}}},
+		"claude-opus-4-6-thinking": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 64000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
+		"claude-sonnet-4-6":        {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 64000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
+		"gpt-oss-120b-medium":      {},
 	}
 }
 

internal/registry/model_registry.go

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ type ModelInfo struct {
 	SupportedParameters []string `json:"supported_parameters,omitempty"`
 	// SupportedEndpoints lists supported API endpoints (e.g., "/chat/completions", "/responses").
 	SupportedEndpoints []string `json:"supported_endpoints,omitempty"`
+	// SupportedInputModalities lists supported input modalities (e.g., TEXT, IMAGE, VIDEO, AUDIO)
+	SupportedInputModalities []string `json:"supportedInputModalities,omitempty"`
+	// SupportedOutputModalities lists supported output modalities (e.g., TEXT, IMAGE)
+	SupportedOutputModalities []string `json:"supportedOutputModalities,omitempty"`
 
 	// Thinking holds provider-specific reasoning/thinking budget capabilities.
 	// This is optional and currently used for Gemini thinking budget normalization.
@@ -60,6 +64,11 @@ type ModelInfo struct {
 	UserDefined bool `json:"-"`
 }
 
+type availableModelsCacheEntry struct {
+	models    []map[string]any
+	expiresAt time.Time
+}
+
 // ThinkingSupport describes a model family's supported internal reasoning budget range.
 // Values are interpreted in provider-native token units.
 type ThinkingSupport struct {
@@ -114,6 +123,8 @@ type ModelRegistry struct {
 	clientProviders map[string]string
 	// mutex ensures thread-safe access to the registry
 	mutex *sync.RWMutex
+	// availableModelsCache stores per-handler snapshots for GetAvailableModels.
+	availableModelsCache map[string]availableModelsCacheEntry
 	// hook is an optional callback sink for model registration changes
 	hook ModelRegistryHook
 }
@@ -126,15 +137,28 @@ var registryOnce sync.Once
 func GetGlobalRegistry() *ModelRegistry {
 	registryOnce.Do(func() {
 		globalRegistry = &ModelRegistry{
-			models:           make(map[string]*ModelRegistration),
-			clientModels:     make(map[string][]string),
-			clientModelInfos: make(map[string]map[string]*ModelInfo),
-			clientProviders:  make(map[string]string),
-			mutex:            &sync.RWMutex{},
+			models:               make(map[string]*ModelRegistration),
+			clientModels:         make(map[string][]string),
+			clientModelInfos:     make(map[string]map[string]*ModelInfo),
+			clientProviders:      make(map[string]string),
+			availableModelsCache: make(map[string]availableModelsCacheEntry),
+			mutex:                &sync.RWMutex{},
 		}
 	})
 	return globalRegistry
 }
+func (r *ModelRegistry) ensureAvailableModelsCacheLocked() {
+	if r.availableModelsCache == nil {
+		r.availableModelsCache = make(map[string]availableModelsCacheEntry)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *ModelRegistry) invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked() {
+	if len(r.availableModelsCache) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	clear(r.availableModelsCache)
+}
 
 // LookupModelInfo searches dynamic registry (provider-specific > global) then static definitions.
 func LookupModelInfo(modelID string, provider ...string) *ModelInfo {
@@ -149,9 +173,9 @@ func LookupModelInfo(modelID string, provider ...string) *ModelInfo {
 	}
 
 	if info := GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(modelID, p); info != nil {
-		return info
+		return cloneModelInfo(info)
 	}
-	return LookupStaticModelInfo(modelID)
+	return cloneModelInfo(LookupStaticModelInfo(modelID))
 }
 
 // SetHook sets an optional hook for observing model registration changes.
@@ -209,6 +233,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) triggerModelsUnregistered(provider, clientID string) {
 func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models []*ModelInfo) {
 	r.mutex.Lock()
 	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.ensureAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 
 	provider := strings.ToLower(clientProvider)
 	uniqueModelIDs := make([]string, 0, len(models))
@@ -234,6 +259,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models [
 		delete(r.clientModels, clientID)
 		delete(r.clientModelInfos, clientID)
 		delete(r.clientProviders, clientID)
+		r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 		misc.LogCredentialSeparator()
 		return
 	}
@@ -261,6 +287,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models [
 		} else {
 			delete(r.clientProviders, clientID)
 		}
+		r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 		r.triggerModelsRegistered(provider, clientID, models)
 		log.Debugf("Registered client %s from provider %s with %d models", clientID, clientProvider, len(rawModelIDs))
 		misc.LogCredentialSeparator()
@@ -404,6 +431,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models [
 		delete(r.clientProviders, clientID)
 	}
 
+	r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 	r.triggerModelsRegistered(provider, clientID, models)
 	if len(added) == 0 && len(removed) == 0 && !providerChanged {
 		// Only metadata (e.g., display name) changed; skip separator when no log output.
@@ -501,8 +529,18 @@ func cloneModelInfo(model *ModelInfo) *ModelInfo {
 	if len(model.SupportedParameters) > 0 {
 		copyModel.SupportedParameters = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedParameters...)
 	}
-	if len(model.SupportedEndpoints) > 0 {
-		copyModel.SupportedEndpoints = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedEndpoints...)
+	if len(model.SupportedInputModalities) > 0 {
+		copyModel.SupportedInputModalities = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedInputModalities...)
+	}
+	if len(model.SupportedOutputModalities) > 0 {
+		copyModel.SupportedOutputModalities = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedOutputModalities...)
+	}
+	if model.Thinking != nil {
+		copyThinking := *model.Thinking
+		if len(model.Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+			copyThinking.Levels = append([]string(nil), model.Thinking.Levels...)
+		}
+		copyModel.Thinking = &copyThinking
 	}
 	return &copyModel
 }
@@ -533,6 +571,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) UnregisterClient(clientID string) {
 	r.mutex.Lock()
 	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
 	r.unregisterClientInternal(clientID)
+	r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 }
 
 // unregisterClientInternal performs the actual client unregistration (internal, no locking)
@@ -599,9 +638,12 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) unregisterClientInternal(clientID string) {
 func (r *ModelRegistry) SetModelQuotaExceeded(clientID, modelID string) {
 	r.mutex.Lock()
 	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.ensureAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 
 	if registration, exists := r.models[modelID]; exists {
-		registration.QuotaExceededClients[clientID] = new(time.Now())
+		now := time.Now()
+		registration.QuotaExceededClients[clientID] = &now
+		r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 		log.Debugf("Marked model %s as quota exceeded for client %s", modelID, clientID)
 	}
 }
@@ -613,9 +655,11 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) SetModelQuotaExceeded(clientID, modelID string) {
 func (r *ModelRegistry) ClearModelQuotaExceeded(clientID, modelID string) {
 	r.mutex.Lock()
 	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.ensureAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 
 	if registration, exists := r.models[modelID]; exists {
 		delete(registration.QuotaExceededClients, clientID)
+		r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 		// log.Debugf("Cleared quota exceeded status for model %s and client %s", modelID, clientID)
 	}
 }
@@ -631,6 +675,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) SuspendClientModel(clientID, modelID, reason string) {
 	}
 	r.mutex.Lock()
 	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.ensureAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 
 	registration, exists := r.models[modelID]
 	if !exists || registration == nil {
@@ -644,6 +689,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) SuspendClientModel(clientID, modelID, reason string) {
 	}
 	registration.SuspendedClients[clientID] = reason
 	registration.LastUpdated = time.Now()
+	r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 	if reason != "" {
 		log.Debugf("Suspended client %s for model %s: %s", clientID, modelID, reason)
 	} else {
@@ -661,6 +707,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) ResumeClientModel(clientID, modelID string) {
 	}
 	r.mutex.Lock()
 	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.ensureAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 
 	registration, exists := r.models[modelID]
 	if !exists || registration == nil || registration.SuspendedClients == nil {
@@ -671,6 +718,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) ResumeClientModel(clientID, modelID string) {
 	}
 	delete(registration.SuspendedClients, clientID)
 	registration.LastUpdated = time.Now()
+	r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
 	log.Debugf("Resumed client %s for model %s", clientID, modelID)
 }
 
@@ -706,22 +754,52 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) ClientSupportsModel(clientID, modelID string) bool {
 // Returns:
 //   - []map[string]any: List of available models in the requested format
 func (r *ModelRegistry) GetAvailableModels(handlerType string) []map[string]any {
-	r.mutex.RLock()
-	defer r.mutex.RUnlock()
+	now := time.Now()
 
-	models := make([]map[string]any, 0)
+	r.mutex.RLock()
+	if cache, ok := r.availableModelsCache[handlerType]; ok && (cache.expiresAt.IsZero() || now.Before(cache.expiresAt)) {
+		models := cloneModelMaps(cache.models)
+		r.mutex.RUnlock()
+		return models
+	}
+	r.mutex.RUnlock()
+
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.ensureAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
+
+	if cache, ok := r.availableModelsCache[handlerType]; ok && (cache.expiresAt.IsZero() || now.Before(cache.expiresAt)) {
+		return cloneModelMaps(cache.models)
+	}
+
+	models, expiresAt := r.buildAvailableModelsLocked(handlerType, now)
+	r.availableModelsCache[handlerType] = availableModelsCacheEntry{
+		models:    cloneModelMaps(models),
+		expiresAt: expiresAt,
+	}
+
+	return models
+}
+
+func (r *ModelRegistry) buildAvailableModelsLocked(handlerType string, now time.Time) ([]map[string]any, time.Time) {
+	models := make([]map[string]any, 0, len(r.models))
 	quotaExpiredDuration := 5 * time.Minute
+	var expiresAt time.Time
 
 	for _, registration := range r.models {
-		// Check if model has any non-quota-exceeded clients
 		availableClients := registration.Count
-		now := time.Now()
 
-		// Count clients that have exceeded quota but haven't recovered yet
 		expiredClients := 0
 		for _, quotaTime := range registration.QuotaExceededClients {
-			if quotaTime != nil && now.Sub(*quotaTime) < quotaExpiredDuration {
+			if quotaTime == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			recoveryAt := quotaTime.Add(quotaExpiredDuration)
+			if now.Before(recoveryAt) {
 				expiredClients++
+				if expiresAt.IsZero() || recoveryAt.Before(expiresAt) {
+					expiresAt = recoveryAt
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -742,7 +820,6 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) GetAvailableModels(handlerType string) []map[string]any
 			effectiveClients = 0
 		}
 
-		// Include models that have available clients, or those solely cooling down.
 		if effectiveClients > 0 || (availableClients > 0 && (expiredClients > 0 || cooldownSuspended > 0) && otherSuspended == 0) {
 			model := r.convertModelToMap(registration.Info, handlerType)
 			if model != nil {
@@ -751,7 +828,44 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) GetAvailableModels(handlerType string) []map[string]any
 		}
 	}
 
-	return models
+	return models, expiresAt
+}
+
+func cloneModelMaps(models []map[string]any) []map[string]any {
+	cloned := make([]map[string]any, 0, len(models))
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil {
+			cloned = append(cloned, nil)
+			continue
+		}
+		copyModel := make(map[string]any, len(model))
+		for key, value := range model {
+			copyModel[key] = cloneModelMapValue(value)
+		}
+		cloned = append(cloned, copyModel)
+	}
+	return cloned
+}
+
+func cloneModelMapValue(value any) any {
+	switch typed := value.(type) {
+	case map[string]any:
+		copyMap := make(map[string]any, len(typed))
+		for key, entry := range typed {
+			copyMap[key] = cloneModelMapValue(entry)
+		}
+		return copyMap
+	case []any:
+		copySlice := make([]any, len(typed))
+		for i, entry := range typed {
+			copySlice[i] = cloneModelMapValue(entry)
+		}
+		return copySlice
+	case []string:
+		return append([]string(nil), typed...)
+	default:
+		return value
+	}
 }
 
 // GetAvailableModelsByProvider returns models available for the given provider identifier.
@@ -867,11 +981,11 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) GetAvailableModelsByProvider(provider string) []*ModelIn
 
 		if effectiveClients > 0 || (availableClients > 0 && (expiredClients > 0 || cooldownSuspended > 0) && otherSuspended == 0) {
 			if entry.info != nil {
-				result = append(result, entry.info)
+				result = append(result, cloneModelInfo(entry.info))
 				continue
 			}
 			if ok && registration != nil && registration.Info != nil {
-				result = append(result, registration.Info)
+				result = append(result, cloneModelInfo(registration.Info))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -980,13 +1094,13 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) GetModelInfo(modelID, provider string) *ModelInfo {
 			if reg.Providers != nil {
 				if count, ok := reg.Providers[provider]; ok && count > 0 {
 					if info, ok := reg.InfoByProvider[provider]; ok && info != nil {
-						return info
+						return cloneModelInfo(info)
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		// Fallback to global info (last registered)
-		return reg.Info
+		return cloneModelInfo(reg.Info)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -1026,7 +1140,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) convertModelToMap(model *ModelInfo, handlerType string)
 			result["max_completion_tokens"] = model.MaxCompletionTokens
 		}
 		if len(model.SupportedParameters) > 0 {
-			result["supported_parameters"] = model.SupportedParameters
+			result["supported_parameters"] = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedParameters...)
 		}
 		if len(model.SupportedEndpoints) > 0 {
 			result["supported_endpoints"] = model.SupportedEndpoints
@@ -1087,7 +1201,13 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) convertModelToMap(model *ModelInfo, handlerType string)
 			result["outputTokenLimit"] = model.OutputTokenLimit
 		}
 		if len(model.SupportedGenerationMethods) > 0 {
-			result["supportedGenerationMethods"] = model.SupportedGenerationMethods
+			result["supportedGenerationMethods"] = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedGenerationMethods...)
+		}
+		if len(model.SupportedInputModalities) > 0 {
+			result["supportedInputModalities"] = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedInputModalities...)
+		}
+		if len(model.SupportedOutputModalities) > 0 {
+			result["supportedOutputModalities"] = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedOutputModalities...)
 		}
 		return result
 
@@ -1117,15 +1237,20 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) CleanupExpiredQuotas() {
 
 	now := time.Now()
 	quotaExpiredDuration := 5 * time.Minute
+	invalidated := false
 
 	for modelID, registration := range r.models {
 		for clientID, quotaTime := range registration.QuotaExceededClients {
 			if quotaTime != nil && now.Sub(*quotaTime) >= quotaExpiredDuration {
 				delete(registration.QuotaExceededClients, clientID)
+				invalidated = true
 				log.Debugf("Cleaned up expired quota tracking for model %s, client %s", modelID, clientID)
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	if invalidated {
+		r.invalidateAvailableModelsCacheLocked()
+	}
 }
 
 // GetFirstAvailableModel returns the first available model for the given handler type.
@@ -1139,8 +1264,6 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) CleanupExpiredQuotas() {
 //   - string: The model ID of the first available model, or empty string if none available
 //   - error: An error if no models are available
 func (r *ModelRegistry) GetFirstAvailableModel(handlerType string) (string, error) {
-	r.mutex.RLock()
-	defer r.mutex.RUnlock()
 
 	// Get all available models for this handler type
 	models := r.GetAvailableModels(handlerType)
@@ -1200,13 +1323,13 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) GetModelsForClient(clientID string) []*ModelInfo {
 		// Prefer client's own model info to preserve original type/owned_by
 		if clientInfos != nil {
 			if info, ok := clientInfos[modelID]; ok && info != nil {
-				result = append(result, info)
+				result = append(result, cloneModelInfo(info))
 				continue
 			}
 		}
 		// Fallback to global registry (for backwards compatibility)
 		if reg, ok := r.models[modelID]; ok && reg.Info != nil {
-			result = append(result, reg.Info)
+			result = append(result, cloneModelInfo(reg.Info))
 		}
 	}
 	return result

internal/registry/model_registry_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package registry
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestGetAvailableModelsReturnsClonedSnapshots(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "OpenAI", []*ModelInfo{{ID: "m1", OwnedBy: "team-a", DisplayName: "Model One"}})
+
+	first := r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if len(first) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 model, got %d", len(first))
+	}
+	first[0]["id"] = "mutated"
+	first[0]["display_name"] = "Mutated"
+
+	second := r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if got := second[0]["id"]; got != "m1" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached snapshot to stay isolated, got id %v", got)
+	}
+	if got := second[0]["display_name"]; got != "Model One" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached snapshot to stay isolated, got display_name %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAvailableModelsInvalidatesCacheOnRegistryChanges(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "OpenAI", []*ModelInfo{{ID: "m1", OwnedBy: "team-a", DisplayName: "Model One"}})
+
+	models := r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if len(models) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 model, got %d", len(models))
+	}
+	if got := models[0]["display_name"]; got != "Model One" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected initial display_name Model One, got %v", got)
+	}
+
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "OpenAI", []*ModelInfo{{ID: "m1", OwnedBy: "team-a", DisplayName: "Model One Updated"}})
+	models = r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if got := models[0]["display_name"]; got != "Model One Updated" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected updated display_name after cache invalidation, got %v", got)
+	}
+
+	r.SuspendClientModel("client-1", "m1", "manual")
+	models = r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if len(models) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no available models after suspension, got %d", len(models))
+	}
+
+	r.ResumeClientModel("client-1", "m1")
+	models = r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if len(models) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model to reappear after resume, got %d", len(models))
+	}
+}

internal/registry/model_registry_safety_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+package registry
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestGetModelInfoReturnsClone(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "gemini", []*ModelInfo{{
+		ID:          "m1",
+		DisplayName: "Model One",
+		Thinking:    &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1, Max: 2, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}},
+	}})
+
+	first := r.GetModelInfo("m1", "gemini")
+	if first == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected model info")
+	}
+	first.DisplayName = "mutated"
+	first.Thinking.Levels[0] = "mutated"
+
+	second := r.GetModelInfo("m1", "gemini")
+	if second.DisplayName != "Model One" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned display name, got %q", second.DisplayName)
+	}
+	if second.Thinking == nil || len(second.Thinking.Levels) == 0 || second.Thinking.Levels[0] != "low" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned thinking levels, got %+v", second.Thinking)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetModelsForClientReturnsClones(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "gemini", []*ModelInfo{{
+		ID:          "m1",
+		DisplayName: "Model One",
+		Thinking:    &ThinkingSupport{Levels: []string{"low", "high"}},
+	}})
+
+	first := r.GetModelsForClient("client-1")
+	if len(first) != 1 || first[0] == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one model, got %+v", first)
+	}
+	first[0].DisplayName = "mutated"
+	first[0].Thinking.Levels[0] = "mutated"
+
+	second := r.GetModelsForClient("client-1")
+	if len(second) != 1 || second[0] == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one model on second fetch, got %+v", second)
+	}
+	if second[0].DisplayName != "Model One" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned display name, got %q", second[0].DisplayName)
+	}
+	if second[0].Thinking == nil || len(second[0].Thinking.Levels) == 0 || second[0].Thinking.Levels[0] != "low" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned thinking levels, got %+v", second[0].Thinking)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAvailableModelsByProviderReturnsClones(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "gemini", []*ModelInfo{{
+		ID:          "m1",
+		DisplayName: "Model One",
+		Thinking:    &ThinkingSupport{Levels: []string{"low", "high"}},
+	}})
+
+	first := r.GetAvailableModelsByProvider("gemini")
+	if len(first) != 1 || first[0] == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one model, got %+v", first)
+	}
+	first[0].DisplayName = "mutated"
+	first[0].Thinking.Levels[0] = "mutated"
+
+	second := r.GetAvailableModelsByProvider("gemini")
+	if len(second) != 1 || second[0] == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one model on second fetch, got %+v", second)
+	}
+	if second[0].DisplayName != "Model One" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned display name, got %q", second[0].DisplayName)
+	}
+	if second[0].Thinking == nil || len(second[0].Thinking.Levels) == 0 || second[0].Thinking.Levels[0] != "low" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned thinking levels, got %+v", second[0].Thinking)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCleanupExpiredQuotasInvalidatesAvailableModelsCache(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "openai", []*ModelInfo{{ID: "m1", Created: 1}})
+	r.SetModelQuotaExceeded("client-1", "m1")
+	if models := r.GetAvailableModels("openai"); len(models) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cooldown model to remain listed before cleanup, got %d", len(models))
+	}
+
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	quotaTime := time.Now().Add(-6 * time.Minute)
+	r.models["m1"].QuotaExceededClients["client-1"] = &quotaTime
+	r.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	r.CleanupExpiredQuotas()
+
+	if count := r.GetModelCount("m1"); count != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model count 1 after cleanup, got %d", count)
+	}
+	models := r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if len(models) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model to stay available after cleanup, got %d", len(models))
+	}
+	if got := models[0]["id"]; got != "m1" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model id m1, got %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAvailableModelsReturnsClonedSupportedParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "openai", []*ModelInfo{{
+		ID:                  "m1",
+		DisplayName:         "Model One",
+		SupportedParameters: []string{"temperature", "top_p"},
+	}})
+
+	first := r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	if len(first) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one model, got %d", len(first))
+	}
+	params, ok := first[0]["supported_parameters"].([]string)
+	if !ok || len(params) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected supported_parameters slice, got %#v", first[0]["supported_parameters"])
+	}
+	params[0] = "mutated"
+
+	second := r.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+	params, ok = second[0]["supported_parameters"].([]string)
+	if !ok || len(params) != 2 || params[0] != "temperature" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned supported_parameters, got %#v", second[0]["supported_parameters"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLookupModelInfoReturnsCloneForStaticDefinitions(t *testing.T) {
+	first := LookupModelInfo("glm-4.6")
+	if first == nil || first.Thinking == nil || len(first.Thinking.Levels) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected static model with thinking levels, got %+v", first)
+	}
+	first.Thinking.Levels[0] = "mutated"
+
+	second := LookupModelInfo("glm-4.6")
+	if second == nil || second.Thinking == nil || len(second.Thinking.Levels) == 0 || second.Thinking.Levels[0] == "mutated" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected static lookup clone, got %+v", second)
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/tls"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
@@ -45,17 +46,87 @@ const (
 	antigravityModelsPath          = "/v1internal:fetchAvailableModels"
 	antigravityClientID            = "1071006060591-tmhssin2h21lcre235vtolojh4g403ep.apps.googleusercontent.com"
 	antigravityClientSecret        = "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"
-	defaultAntigravityAgent        = "antigravity/1.104.0 darwin/arm64"
+	defaultAntigravityAgent        = "antigravity/1.19.6 darwin/arm64"
 	antigravityAuthType            = "antigravity"
 	refreshSkew                    = 3000 * time.Second
-	systemInstruction              = "You are Antigravity, a powerful agentic AI coding assistant designed by the Google Deepmind team working on Advanced Agentic Coding.You are pair programming with a USER to solve their coding task. The task may require creating a new codebase, modifying or debugging an existing codebase, or simply answering a question.**Absolute paths only****Proactiveness**"
+	// systemInstruction              = "You are Antigravity, a powerful agentic AI coding assistant designed by the Google Deepmind team working on Advanced Agentic Coding.You are pair programming with a USER to solve their coding task. The task may require creating a new codebase, modifying or debugging an existing codebase, or simply answering a question.**Absolute paths only****Proactiveness**"
 )
 
 var (
 	randSource      = rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
 	randSourceMutex sync.Mutex
+	// antigravityPrimaryModelsCache keeps the latest non-empty model list fetched
+	// from any antigravity auth. Empty fetches never overwrite this cache.
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache struct {
+		mu     sync.RWMutex
+		models []*registry.ModelInfo
+	}
 )
 
+func cloneAntigravityModels(models []*registry.ModelInfo) []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]*registry.ModelInfo, 0, len(models))
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil || strings.TrimSpace(model.ID) == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, cloneAntigravityModelInfo(model))
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func cloneAntigravityModelInfo(model *registry.ModelInfo) *registry.ModelInfo {
+	if model == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	clone := *model
+	if len(model.SupportedGenerationMethods) > 0 {
+		clone.SupportedGenerationMethods = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedGenerationMethods...)
+	}
+	if len(model.SupportedParameters) > 0 {
+		clone.SupportedParameters = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedParameters...)
+	}
+	if model.Thinking != nil {
+		thinkingClone := *model.Thinking
+		if len(model.Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+			thinkingClone.Levels = append([]string(nil), model.Thinking.Levels...)
+		}
+		clone.Thinking = &thinkingClone
+	}
+	return &clone
+}
+
+func storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(models []*registry.ModelInfo) bool {
+	cloned := cloneAntigravityModels(models)
+	if len(cloned) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Lock()
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models = cloned
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Unlock()
+	return true
+}
+
+func loadAntigravityPrimaryModels() []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.RLock()
+	cloned := cloneAntigravityModels(antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models)
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.RUnlock()
+	return cloned
+}
+
+func fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels() []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	models := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(models) > 0 {
+		log.Debugf("antigravity executor: using cached primary model list (%d models)", len(models))
+	}
+	return models
+}
+
 // AntigravityExecutor proxies requests to the antigravity upstream.
 type AntigravityExecutor struct {
 	cfg *config.Config
@@ -72,6 +143,62 @@ func NewAntigravityExecutor(cfg *config.Config) *AntigravityExecutor {
 	return &AntigravityExecutor{cfg: cfg}
 }
 
+// antigravityTransport is a singleton HTTP/1.1 transport shared by all Antigravity requests.
+// It is initialized once via antigravityTransportOnce to avoid leaking a new connection pool
+// (and the goroutines managing it) on every request.
+var (
+	antigravityTransport     *http.Transport
+	antigravityTransportOnce sync.Once
+)
+
+func cloneTransportWithHTTP11(base *http.Transport) *http.Transport {
+	if base == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	clone := base.Clone()
+	clone.ForceAttemptHTTP2 = false
+	// Wipe TLSNextProto to prevent implicit HTTP/2 upgrade.
+	clone.TLSNextProto = make(map[string]func(authority string, c *tls.Conn) http.RoundTripper)
+	if clone.TLSClientConfig == nil {
+		clone.TLSClientConfig = &tls.Config{}
+	} else {
+		clone.TLSClientConfig = clone.TLSClientConfig.Clone()
+	}
+	// Actively advertise only HTTP/1.1 in the ALPN handshake.
+	clone.TLSClientConfig.NextProtos = []string{"http/1.1"}
+	return clone
+}
+
+// initAntigravityTransport creates the shared HTTP/1.1 transport exactly once.
+func initAntigravityTransport() {
+	base, ok := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok {
+		base = &http.Transport{}
+	}
+	antigravityTransport = cloneTransportWithHTTP11(base)
+}
+
+// newAntigravityHTTPClient creates an HTTP client specifically for Antigravity,
+// enforcing HTTP/1.1 by disabling HTTP/2 to perfectly mimic Node.js https defaults.
+// The underlying Transport is a singleton to avoid leaking connection pools.
+func newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, timeout time.Duration) *http.Client {
+	antigravityTransportOnce.Do(initAntigravityTransport)
+
+	client := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, cfg, auth, timeout)
+	// If no transport is set, use the shared HTTP/1.1 transport.
+	if client.Transport == nil {
+		client.Transport = antigravityTransport
+		return client
+	}
+
+	// Preserve proxy settings from proxy-aware transports while forcing HTTP/1.1.
+	if transport, ok := client.Transport.(*http.Transport); ok {
+		client.Transport = cloneTransportWithHTTP11(transport)
+	}
+	return client
+}
+
 // Identifier returns the executor identifier.
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Identifier() string { return antigravityAuthType }
 
@@ -92,6 +219,8 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) PrepareRequest(req *http.Request, auth *cliproxyau
 }
 
 // HttpRequest injects Antigravity credentials into the request and executes it.
+// It uses a whitelist approach: all incoming headers are stripped and only
+// the minimum set required by the Antigravity protocol is explicitly set.
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 	if req == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("antigravity executor: request is nil")
@@ -100,10 +229,29 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 		ctx = req.Context()
 	}
 	httpReq := req.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	// --- Whitelist: save only the headers we need from the original request ---
+	contentType := httpReq.Header.Get("Content-Type")
+
+	// Wipe ALL incoming headers
+	for k := range httpReq.Header {
+		delete(httpReq.Header, k)
+	}
+
+	// --- Set only the headers Antigravity actually sends ---
+	if contentType != "" {
+		httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", contentType)
+	}
+	// Content-Length is managed automatically by Go's http.Client from the Body
+	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", resolveUserAgent(auth))
+	httpReq.Close = true // sends Connection: close
+
+	// Inject Authorization: Bearer <token>
 	if err := e.PrepareRequest(httpReq, auth); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
+
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 	return httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +263,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(baseModel), "claude")
 
-	if isClaude || strings.Contains(baseModel, "gemini-3-pro") {
+	if isClaude || strings.Contains(baseModel, "gemini-3-pro") || strings.Contains(baseModel, "gemini-3.1-flash-image") {
 		return e.executeClaudeNonStream(ctx, auth, req, opts)
 	}
 
@@ -150,7 +298,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated, requestedModel)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 
 	attempts := antigravityRetryAttempts(auth, e.cfg)
 
@@ -292,7 +440,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated, requestedModel)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 
 	attempts := antigravityRetryAttempts(auth, e.cfg)
 
@@ -684,7 +832,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated, requestedModel)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 
 	attempts := antigravityRetryAttempts(auth, e.cfg)
 
@@ -886,7 +1034,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 	payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "request.safetySettings")
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 
 	var authID, authLabel, authType, authValue string
 	if auth != nil {
@@ -917,10 +1065,10 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 		if errReq != nil {
 			return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, errReq
 		}
+		httpReq.Close = true
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
 		httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", resolveUserAgent(auth))
-		httpReq.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
 		if host := resolveHost(base); host != "" {
 			httpReq.Host = host
 		}
@@ -1006,28 +1154,34 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *config.Config) []*registry.ModelInfo {
 	exec := &AntigravityExecutor{cfg: cfg}
 	token, updatedAuth, errToken := exec.ensureAccessToken(ctx, auth)
-	if errToken != nil {
-		log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: token error: %v", auth.ID, errToken)
-		return nil
-	}
-	if token == "" {
-		log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: got empty token", auth.ID)
-		return nil
-	}
+	if errToken != nil || token == "" {
+		return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+  }
 	if updatedAuth != nil {
 		auth = updatedAuth
 	}
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, cfg, auth, 0)
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, cfg, auth, 0)
 
 	for idx, baseURL := range baseURLs {
 		modelsURL := baseURL + antigravityModelsPath
-		httpReq, errReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, modelsURL, bytes.NewReader([]byte(`{}`)))
-		if errReq != nil {
-			log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: create request error: %v", auth.ID, errReq)
-			return nil
+
+		var payload []byte
+		if auth != nil && auth.Metadata != nil {
+			if pid, ok := auth.Metadata["project_id"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(pid) != "" {
+				payload = []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"project": "%s"}`, strings.TrimSpace(pid)))
+			}
 		}
+		if len(payload) == 0 {
+			payload = []byte(`{}`)
+		}
+
+		httpReq, errReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, modelsURL, bytes.NewReader(payload))
+		if errReq != nil {
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+		}
+		httpReq.Close = true
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
 		httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", resolveUserAgent(auth))
@@ -1038,15 +1192,13 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
-				log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: context canceled: %v", auth.ID, errDo)
-				return nil
+				return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 			}
 			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request error on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: request error: %v", auth.ID, errDo)
-			return nil
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		bodyBytes, errRead := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -1058,22 +1210,27 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models read error on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: read body error: %v", auth.ID, errRead)
-			return nil
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 		if httpResp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || httpResp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
 			if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request rate limited on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: unexpected status %d, body: %s", auth.ID, httpResp.StatusCode, string(bodyBytes))
-			return nil
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request failed with status %d on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		result := gjson.GetBytes(bodyBytes, "models")
 		if !result.Exists() {
-			log.Warnf("antigravity executor: fetch models failed for %s: no models field in response, body: %s", auth.ID, string(bodyBytes))
-			return nil
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models field missing on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		now := time.Now().Unix()
@@ -1085,7 +1242,7 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 				continue
 			}
 			switch modelID {
-			case "chat_20706", "chat_23310", "gemini-2.5-flash-thinking", "gemini-3-pro-low", "gemini-2.5-pro":
+			case "chat_20706", "chat_23310", "tab_flash_lite_preview", "tab_jump_flash_lite_preview", "gemini-2.5-flash-thinking", "gemini-2.5-pro":
 				continue
 			}
 			modelCfg := modelConfig[modelID]
@@ -1107,6 +1264,29 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 				OwnedBy:     antigravityAuthType,
 				Type:        antigravityAuthType,
 			}
+
+			// Build input modalities from upstream capability flags.
+			inputModalities := []string{"TEXT"}
+			if modelData.Get("supportsImages").Bool() {
+				inputModalities = append(inputModalities, "IMAGE")
+			}
+			if modelData.Get("supportsVideo").Bool() {
+				inputModalities = append(inputModalities, "VIDEO")
+			}
+			modelInfo.SupportedInputModalities = inputModalities
+			modelInfo.SupportedOutputModalities = []string{"TEXT"}
+
+			// Token limits from upstream.
+			if maxTok := modelData.Get("maxTokens").Int(); maxTok > 0 {
+				modelInfo.InputTokenLimit = int(maxTok)
+			}
+			if maxOut := modelData.Get("maxOutputTokens").Int(); maxOut > 0 {
+				modelInfo.OutputTokenLimit = int(maxOut)
+			}
+
+			// Supported generation methods (Gemini v1beta convention).
+			modelInfo.SupportedGenerationMethods = []string{"generateContent", "countTokens"}
+
 			// Look up Thinking support from static config using upstream model name.
 			if modelCfg != nil {
 				if modelCfg.Thinking != nil {
@@ -1118,9 +1298,18 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 			}
 			models = append(models, modelInfo)
 		}
+		if len(models) == 0 {
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: empty models list on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			log.Debug("antigravity executor: fetched empty model list; retaining cached primary model list")
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+		}
+		storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(models)
 		return models
 	}
-	return nil
+	return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 }
 
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ensureAccessToken(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) (string, *cliproxyauth.Auth, error) {
@@ -1165,10 +1354,11 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) refreshToken(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 		return auth, errReq
 	}
 	httpReq.Header.Set("Host", "oauth2.googleapis.com")
-	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", defaultAntigravityAgent)
 	httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+	// Real Antigravity uses Go's default User-Agent for OAuth token refresh
+	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Go-http-client/2.0")
 
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 	httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 	if errDo != nil {
 		return auth, errDo
@@ -1239,7 +1429,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ensureAntigravityProjectID(ctx context.Context, au
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
+	httpClient := newAntigravityHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 	projectID, errFetch := sdkAuth.FetchAntigravityProjectID(ctx, token, httpClient)
 	if errFetch != nil {
 		return errFetch
@@ -1293,7 +1483,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) buildRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 	payload = geminiToAntigravity(modelName, payload, projectID)
 	payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "model", modelName)
 
-	useAntigravitySchema := strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") || strings.Contains(modelName, "gemini-3-pro-high")
+	useAntigravitySchema := strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") || strings.Contains(modelName, "gemini-3-pro") || strings.Contains(modelName, "gemini-3.1-pro")
 	payloadStr := string(payload)
 	paths := make([]string, 0)
 	util.Walk(gjson.Parse(payloadStr), "", "parametersJsonSchema", &paths)
@@ -1307,18 +1497,18 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) buildRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 		payloadStr = util.CleanJSONSchemaForGemini(payloadStr)
 	}
 
-	if useAntigravitySchema {
-		systemInstructionPartsResult := gjson.Get(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts")
-		payloadStr, _ = sjson.Set(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
-		payloadStr, _ = sjson.Set(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", systemInstruction)
-		payloadStr, _ = sjson.Set(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts.1.text", fmt.Sprintf("Please ignore following [ignore]%s[/ignore]", systemInstruction))
+	// if useAntigravitySchema {
+	// 	systemInstructionPartsResult := gjson.Get(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts")
+	// 	payloadStr, _ = sjson.Set(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
+	// 	payloadStr, _ = sjson.Set(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", systemInstruction)
+	// 	payloadStr, _ = sjson.Set(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts.1.text", fmt.Sprintf("Please ignore following [ignore]%s[/ignore]", systemInstruction))
 
-		if systemInstructionPartsResult.Exists() && systemInstructionPartsResult.IsArray() {
-			for _, partResult := range systemInstructionPartsResult.Array() {
-				payloadStr, _ = sjson.SetRaw(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts.-1", partResult.Raw)
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	// 	if systemInstructionPartsResult.Exists() && systemInstructionPartsResult.IsArray() {
+	// 		for _, partResult := range systemInstructionPartsResult.Array() {
+	// 			payloadStr, _ = sjson.SetRaw(payloadStr, "request.systemInstruction.parts.-1", partResult.Raw)
+	// 		}
+	// 	}
+	// }
 
 	if strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") {
 		payloadStr, _ = sjson.Set(payloadStr, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "VALIDATED")
@@ -1330,14 +1520,10 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) buildRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 	if errReq != nil {
 		return nil, errReq
 	}
+	httpReq.Close = true
 	httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	httpReq.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
 	httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", resolveUserAgent(auth))
-	if stream {
-		httpReq.Header.Set("Accept", "text/event-stream")
-	} else {
-		httpReq.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
-	}
 	if host := resolveHost(base); host != "" {
 		httpReq.Host = host
 	}
@@ -1549,7 +1735,16 @@ func resolveCustomAntigravityBaseURL(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
 func geminiToAntigravity(modelName string, payload []byte, projectID string) []byte {
 	template, _ := sjson.Set(string(payload), "model", modelName)
 	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "userAgent", "antigravity")
-	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "requestType", "agent")
+
+	isImageModel := strings.Contains(modelName, "image")
+
+	var reqType string
+	if isImageModel {
+		reqType = "image_gen"
+	} else {
+		reqType = "agent"
+	}
+	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "requestType", reqType)
 
 	// Use real project ID from auth if available, otherwise generate random (legacy fallback)
 	if projectID != "" {
@@ -1557,8 +1752,13 @@ func geminiToAntigravity(modelName string, payload []byte, projectID string) []b
 	} else {
 		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "project", generateProjectID())
 	}
-	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "requestId", generateRequestID())
-	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "request.sessionId", generateStableSessionID(payload))
+
+	if isImageModel {
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "requestId", generateImageGenRequestID())
+	} else {
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "requestId", generateRequestID())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "request.sessionId", generateStableSessionID(payload))
+	}
 
 	template, _ = sjson.Delete(template, "request.safetySettings")
 	if toolConfig := gjson.Get(template, "toolConfig"); toolConfig.Exists() && !gjson.Get(template, "request.toolConfig").Exists() {
@@ -1572,6 +1772,10 @@ func generateRequestID() string {
 	return "agent-" + uuid.NewString()
 }
 
+func generateImageGenRequestID() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("image_gen/%d/%s/12", time.Now().UnixMilli(), uuid.NewString())
+}
+
 func generateSessionID() string {
 	randSourceMutex.Lock()
 	n := randSource.Int63n(9_000_000_000_000_000_000)

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor_buildrequest_test.go

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ func buildRequestBodyFromPayload(t *testing.T, modelName string) map[string]any
 										"properties": {
 											"mode": {
 												"type": "string",
+												"deprecated": true,
 												"enum": ["a", "b"],
 												"enumTitles": ["A", "B"]
 											}
@@ -156,4 +157,7 @@ func assertSchemaSanitizedAndPropertyPreserved(t *testing.T, params map[string]a
 	if _, ok := mode["enumTitles"]; ok {
 		t.Fatalf("enumTitles should be removed from nested schema")
 	}
+	if _, ok := mode["deprecated"]; ok {
+		t.Fatalf("deprecated should be removed from nested schema")
+	}
 }

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor_models_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+)
+
+func resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest() {
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Lock()
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models = nil
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+func TestStoreAntigravityPrimaryModels_EmptyDoesNotOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
+	resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest()
+	t.Cleanup(resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest)
+
+	seed := []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "claude-sonnet-4-5"},
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro"},
+	}
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(seed); !updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-empty model list to update primary cache")
+	}
+
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(nil); updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected nil model list not to overwrite primary cache")
+	}
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels([]*registry.ModelInfo{}); updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected empty model list not to overwrite primary cache")
+	}
+
+	got := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model count 2, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+	if got[0].ID != "claude-sonnet-4-5" || got[1].ID != "gemini-2.5-pro" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected cached model ids: %q, %q", got[0].ID, got[1].ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadAntigravityPrimaryModels_ReturnsClone(t *testing.T) {
+	resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest()
+	t.Cleanup(resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest)
+
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels([]*registry.ModelInfo{{
+		ID:                         "gpt-5",
+		DisplayName:                "GPT-5",
+		SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent"},
+		SupportedParameters:        []string{"temperature"},
+		Thinking: &registry.ThinkingSupport{
+			Levels: []string{"high"},
+		},
+	}}); !updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected model cache update")
+	}
+
+	got := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one cached model, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+	got[0].ID = "mutated-id"
+	if len(got[0].SupportedGenerationMethods) > 0 {
+		got[0].SupportedGenerationMethods[0] = "mutated-method"
+	}
+	if len(got[0].SupportedParameters) > 0 {
+		got[0].SupportedParameters[0] = "mutated-parameter"
+	}
+	if got[0].Thinking != nil && len(got[0].Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+		got[0].Thinking.Levels[0] = "mutated-level"
+	}
+
+	again := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(again) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one cached model after mutation, got %d", len(again))
+	}
+	if again[0].ID != "gpt-5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model id to remain %q, got %q", "gpt-5", again[0].ID)
+	}
+	if len(again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods) == 0 || again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods[0] != "generateContent" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached generation methods to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods)
+	}
+	if len(again[0].SupportedParameters) == 0 || again[0].SupportedParameters[0] != "temperature" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached supported parameters to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].SupportedParameters)
+	}
+	if again[0].Thinking == nil || len(again[0].Thinking.Levels) == 0 || again[0].Thinking.Levels[0] != "high" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model thinking levels to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].Thinking)
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/claude_executor.go

@@ -6,9 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"compress/flate"
 	"compress/gzip"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/textproto"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -36,7 +41,9 @@ type ClaudeExecutor struct {
 	cfg *config.Config
 }
 
-const claudeToolPrefix = "proxy_"
+// claudeToolPrefix is empty to match real Claude Code behavior (no tool name prefix).
+// Previously "proxy_" was used but this is a detectable fingerprint difference.
+const claudeToolPrefix = ""
 
 func NewClaudeExecutor(cfg *config.Config) *ClaudeExecutor { return &ClaudeExecutor{cfg: cfg} }
 
@@ -130,6 +137,15 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 		body = ensureCacheControl(body)
 	}
 
+	// Enforce Anthropic's cache_control block limit (max 4 breakpoints per request).
+	// Cloaking and ensureCacheControl may push the total over 4 when the client
+	// (e.g. Amp CLI) already sends multiple cache_control blocks.
+	body = enforceCacheControlLimit(body, 4)
+
+	// Normalize TTL values to prevent ordering violations under prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05.
+	// A 1h-TTL block must not appear after a 5m-TTL block in evaluation order (tools→system→messages).
+	body = normalizeCacheControlTTL(body)
+
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
@@ -171,11 +187,27 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 	}
 	recordAPIResponseMetadata(ctx, e.cfg, httpResp.StatusCode, httpResp.Header.Clone())
 	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
-		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
+		// Decompress error responses — pass the Content-Encoding value (may be empty)
+		// and let decodeResponseBody handle both header-declared and magic-byte-detected
+		// compression.  This keeps error-path behaviour consistent with the success path.
+		errBody, decErr := decodeResponseBody(httpResp.Body, httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Encoding"))
+		if decErr != nil {
+			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, decErr)
+			msg := fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode error response body: %v", decErr)
+			logWithRequestID(ctx).Warn(msg)
+			return resp, statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: msg}
+		}
+		b, readErr := io.ReadAll(errBody)
+		if readErr != nil {
+			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, readErr)
+			msg := fmt.Sprintf("failed to read error response body: %v", readErr)
+			logWithRequestID(ctx).Warn(msg)
+			b = []byte(msg)
+		}
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
 		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
-		if errClose := httpResp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+		if errClose := errBody.Close(); errClose != nil {
 			log.Errorf("response body close error: %v", errClose)
 		}
 		return resp, err
@@ -271,6 +303,12 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 		body = ensureCacheControl(body)
 	}
 
+	// Enforce Anthropic's cache_control block limit (max 4 breakpoints per request).
+	body = enforceCacheControlLimit(body, 4)
+
+	// Normalize TTL values to prevent ordering violations under prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05.
+	body = normalizeCacheControlTTL(body)
+
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
@@ -312,10 +350,26 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 	}
 	recordAPIResponseMetadata(ctx, e.cfg, httpResp.StatusCode, httpResp.Header.Clone())
 	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
-		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
+		// Decompress error responses — pass the Content-Encoding value (may be empty)
+		// and let decodeResponseBody handle both header-declared and magic-byte-detected
+		// compression.  This keeps error-path behaviour consistent with the success path.
+		errBody, decErr := decodeResponseBody(httpResp.Body, httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Encoding"))
+		if decErr != nil {
+			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, decErr)
+			msg := fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode error response body: %v", decErr)
+			logWithRequestID(ctx).Warn(msg)
+			return nil, statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: msg}
+		}
+		b, readErr := io.ReadAll(errBody)
+		if readErr != nil {
+			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, readErr)
+			msg := fmt.Sprintf("failed to read error response body: %v", readErr)
+			logWithRequestID(ctx).Warn(msg)
+			b = []byte(msg)
+		}
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		if errClose := httpResp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+		if errClose := errBody.Close(); errClose != nil {
 			log.Errorf("response body close error: %v", errClose)
 		}
 		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
@@ -420,6 +474,10 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 		body = checkSystemInstructions(body)
 	}
 
+	// Keep count_tokens requests compatible with Anthropic cache-control constraints too.
+	body = enforceCacheControlLimit(body, 4)
+	body = normalizeCacheControlTTL(body)
+
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header (for count_tokens too)
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
@@ -459,9 +517,25 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	}
 	recordAPIResponseMetadata(ctx, e.cfg, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header.Clone())
 	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
-		b, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		// Decompress error responses — pass the Content-Encoding value (may be empty)
+		// and let decodeResponseBody handle both header-declared and magic-byte-detected
+		// compression.  This keeps error-path behaviour consistent with the success path.
+		errBody, decErr := decodeResponseBody(resp.Body, resp.Header.Get("Content-Encoding"))
+		if decErr != nil {
+			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, decErr)
+			msg := fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode error response body: %v", decErr)
+			logWithRequestID(ctx).Warn(msg)
+			return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, statusErr{code: resp.StatusCode, msg: msg}
+		}
+		b, readErr := io.ReadAll(errBody)
+		if readErr != nil {
+			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, readErr)
+			msg := fmt.Sprintf("failed to read error response body: %v", readErr)
+			logWithRequestID(ctx).Warn(msg)
+			b = []byte(msg)
+		}
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
-		if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+		if errClose := errBody.Close(); errClose != nil {
 			log.Errorf("response body close error: %v", errClose)
 		}
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, statusErr{code: resp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
@@ -554,6 +628,12 @@ func disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced(body []byte) []byte {
 	if toolChoiceType == "any" || toolChoiceType == "tool" {
 		// Remove thinking configuration entirely to avoid API error
 		body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "thinking")
+		// Adaptive thinking may also set output_config.effort; remove it to avoid
+		// leaking thinking controls when tool_choice forces tool use.
+		body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "output_config.effort")
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(body, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "output_config")
+		}
 	}
 	return body
 }
@@ -576,12 +656,61 @@ func (c *compositeReadCloser) Close() error {
 	return firstErr
 }
 
+// peekableBody wraps a bufio.Reader around the original ReadCloser so that
+// magic bytes can be inspected without consuming them from the stream.
+type peekableBody struct {
+	*bufio.Reader
+	closer io.Closer
+}
+
+func (p *peekableBody) Close() error {
+	return p.closer.Close()
+}
+
 func decodeResponseBody(body io.ReadCloser, contentEncoding string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	if body == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("response body is nil")
 	}
 	if contentEncoding == "" {
-		return body, nil
+		// No Content-Encoding header.  Attempt best-effort magic-byte detection to
+		// handle misbehaving upstreams that compress without setting the header.
+		// Only gzip (1f 8b) and zstd (28 b5 2f fd) have reliable magic sequences;
+		// br and deflate have none and are left as-is.
+		// The bufio wrapper preserves unread bytes so callers always see the full
+		// stream regardless of whether decompression was applied.
+		pb := &peekableBody{Reader: bufio.NewReader(body), closer: body}
+		magic, peekErr := pb.Peek(4)
+		if peekErr == nil || (peekErr == io.EOF && len(magic) >= 2) {
+			switch {
+			case len(magic) >= 2 && magic[0] == 0x1f && magic[1] == 0x8b:
+				gzipReader, gzErr := gzip.NewReader(pb)
+				if gzErr != nil {
+					_ = pb.Close()
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("magic-byte gzip: failed to create reader: %w", gzErr)
+				}
+				return &compositeReadCloser{
+					Reader: gzipReader,
+					closers: []func() error{
+						gzipReader.Close,
+						pb.Close,
+					},
+				}, nil
+			case len(magic) >= 4 && magic[0] == 0x28 && magic[1] == 0xb5 && magic[2] == 0x2f && magic[3] == 0xfd:
+				decoder, zdErr := zstd.NewReader(pb)
+				if zdErr != nil {
+					_ = pb.Close()
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("magic-byte zstd: failed to create reader: %w", zdErr)
+				}
+				return &compositeReadCloser{
+					Reader: decoder,
+					closers: []func() error{
+						func() error { decoder.Close(); return nil },
+						pb.Close,
+					},
+				}, nil
+			}
+		}
+		return pb, nil
 	}
 	encodings := strings.Split(contentEncoding, ",")
 	for _, raw := range encodings {
@@ -696,23 +825,29 @@ func applyClaudeHeaders(r *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, apiKey string,
 		ginHeaders = ginCtx.Request.Header
 	}
 
-	promptCachingBeta := "prompt-caching-2024-07-31"
-	baseBetas := "claude-code-20250219,oauth-2025-04-20,interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14,fine-grained-tool-streaming-2025-05-14," + promptCachingBeta
+	baseBetas := "claude-code-20250219,oauth-2025-04-20,interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14,context-management-2025-06-27,prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05"
 	if val := strings.TrimSpace(ginHeaders.Get("Anthropic-Beta")); val != "" {
 		baseBetas = val
 		if !strings.Contains(val, "oauth") {
 			baseBetas += ",oauth-2025-04-20"
 		}
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(baseBetas, promptCachingBeta) {
-		baseBetas += "," + promptCachingBeta
+
+	hasClaude1MHeader := false
+	if ginHeaders != nil {
+		if _, ok := ginHeaders[textproto.CanonicalMIMEHeaderKey("X-CPA-CLAUDE-1M")]; ok {
+			hasClaude1MHeader = true
+		}
 	}
 
-	// Merge extra betas from request body
-	if len(extraBetas) > 0 {
+	// Merge extra betas from request body and request flags.
+	if len(extraBetas) > 0 || hasClaude1MHeader {
 		existingSet := make(map[string]bool)
 		for _, b := range strings.Split(baseBetas, ",") {
-			existingSet[strings.TrimSpace(b)] = true
+			betaName := strings.TrimSpace(b)
+			if betaName != "" {
+				existingSet[betaName] = true
+			}
 		}
 		for _, beta := range extraBetas {
 			beta = strings.TrimSpace(beta)
@@ -721,14 +856,16 @@ func applyClaudeHeaders(r *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, apiKey string,
 				existingSet[beta] = true
 			}
 		}
+		if hasClaude1MHeader && !existingSet["context-1m-2025-08-07"] {
+			baseBetas += ",context-1m-2025-08-07"
+		}
 	}
 	r.Header.Set("Anthropic-Beta", baseBetas)
 
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "Anthropic-Version", "2023-06-01")
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "Anthropic-Dangerous-Direct-Browser-Access", "true")
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-App", "cli")
-	// Values below match Claude Code 2.1.44 / @anthropic-ai/sdk 0.74.0 (captured 2026-02-17).
-	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Stainless-Helper-Method", "stream")
+	// Values below match Claude Code 2.1.63 / @anthropic-ai/sdk 0.74.0 (updated 2026-02-28).
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Stainless-Retry-Count", "0")
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Stainless-Runtime-Version", hdrDefault(hd.RuntimeVersion, "v24.3.0"))
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Stainless-Package-Version", hdrDefault(hd.PackageVersion, "0.74.0"))
@@ -737,13 +874,28 @@ func applyClaudeHeaders(r *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, apiKey string,
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Stainless-Arch", mapStainlessArch())
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Stainless-Os", mapStainlessOS())
 	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Stainless-Timeout", hdrDefault(hd.Timeout, "600"))
-	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "User-Agent", hdrDefault(hd.UserAgent, "claude-cli/2.1.44 (external, sdk-cli)"))
+	// For User-Agent, only forward the client's header if it's already a Claude Code client.
+	// Non-Claude-Code clients (e.g. curl, OpenAI SDKs) get the default Claude Code User-Agent
+	// to avoid leaking the real client identity during cloaking.
+	clientUA := ""
+	if ginHeaders != nil {
+		clientUA = ginHeaders.Get("User-Agent")
+	}
+	if isClaudeCodeClient(clientUA) {
+		r.Header.Set("User-Agent", clientUA)
+	} else {
+		r.Header.Set("User-Agent", hdrDefault(hd.UserAgent, "claude-cli/2.1.63 (external, cli)"))
+	}
 	r.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
-	r.Header.Set("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate, br, zstd")
 	if stream {
 		r.Header.Set("Accept", "text/event-stream")
+		// SSE streams must not be compressed: the downstream scanner reads
+		// line-delimited text and cannot parse compressed bytes.  Using
+		// "identity" tells the upstream to send an uncompressed stream.
+		r.Header.Set("Accept-Encoding", "identity")
 	} else {
 		r.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+		r.Header.Set("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate, br, zstd")
 	}
 	// Keep OS/Arch mapping dynamic (not configurable).
 	// They intentionally continue to derive from runtime.GOOS/runtime.GOARCH.
@@ -752,6 +904,12 @@ func applyClaudeHeaders(r *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, apiKey string,
 		attrs = auth.Attributes
 	}
 	util.ApplyCustomHeadersFromAttrs(r, attrs)
+	// Re-enforce Accept-Encoding: identity after ApplyCustomHeadersFromAttrs, which
+	// may override it with a user-configured value.  Compressed SSE breaks the line
+	// scanner regardless of user preference, so this is non-negotiable for streams.
+	if stream {
+		r.Header.Set("Accept-Encoding", "identity")
+	}
 }
 
 func claudeCreds(a *cliproxyauth.Auth) (apiKey, baseURL string) {
@@ -771,22 +929,7 @@ func claudeCreds(a *cliproxyauth.Auth) (apiKey, baseURL string) {
 }
 
 func checkSystemInstructions(payload []byte) []byte {
-	system := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system")
-	claudeCodeInstructions := `[{"type":"text","text":"You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude."}]`
-	if system.IsArray() {
-		if gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system.0.text").String() != "You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude." {
-			system.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
-				if part.Get("type").String() == "text" {
-					claudeCodeInstructions, _ = sjson.SetRaw(claudeCodeInstructions, "-1", part.Raw)
-				}
-				return true
-			})
-			payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
-		}
-	} else {
-		payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
-	}
-	return payload
+	return checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload, false)
 }
 
 func isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey string) bool {
@@ -1060,33 +1203,77 @@ func injectFakeUserID(payload []byte, apiKey string, useCache bool) []byte {
 	return payload
 }
 
-// checkSystemInstructionsWithMode injects Claude Code system prompt.
-// In strict mode, it replaces all user system messages.
-// In non-strict mode (default), it prepends to existing system messages.
+// generateBillingHeader creates the x-anthropic-billing-header text block that
+// real Claude Code prepends to every system prompt array.
+// Format: x-anthropic-billing-header: cc_version=<ver>.<build>; cc_entrypoint=cli; cch=<hash>;
+func generateBillingHeader(payload []byte) string {
+	// Generate a deterministic cch hash from the payload content (system + messages + tools).
+	// Real Claude Code uses a 5-char hex hash that varies per request.
+	h := sha256.Sum256(payload)
+	cch := hex.EncodeToString(h[:])[:5]
+
+	// Build hash: 3-char hex, matches the pattern seen in real requests (e.g. "a43")
+	buildBytes := make([]byte, 2)
+	_, _ = rand.Read(buildBytes)
+	buildHash := hex.EncodeToString(buildBytes)[:3]
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("x-anthropic-billing-header: cc_version=2.1.63.%s; cc_entrypoint=cli; cch=%s;", buildHash, cch)
+}
+
+// checkSystemInstructionsWithMode injects Claude Code-style system blocks:
+//
+//	system[0]: billing header (no cache_control)
+//	system[1]: agent identifier (no cache_control)
+//	system[2..]: user system messages (cache_control added when missing)
 func checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload []byte, strictMode bool) []byte {
 	system := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system")
-	claudeCodeInstructions := `[{"type":"text","text":"You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude."}]`
+
+	billingText := generateBillingHeader(payload)
+	billingBlock := fmt.Sprintf(`{"type":"text","text":"%s"}`, billingText)
+	// No cache_control on the agent block. It is a cloaking artifact with zero cache
+	// value (the last system block is what actually triggers caching of all system content).
+	// Including any cache_control here creates an intra-system TTL ordering violation
+	// when the client's system blocks use ttl='1h' (prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05 beta
+	// forbids 1h blocks after 5m blocks, and a no-TTL block defaults to 5m).
+	agentBlock := `{"type":"text","text":"You are a Claude agent, built on Anthropic's Claude Agent SDK."}`
 
 	if strictMode {
-		// Strict mode: replace all system messages with Claude Code prompt only
-		payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
+		// Strict mode: billing header + agent identifier only
+		result := "[" + billingBlock + "," + agentBlock + "]"
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(result))
 		return payload
 	}
 
-	// Non-strict mode (default): prepend Claude Code prompt to existing system messages
-	if system.IsArray() {
-		if gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system.0.text").String() != "You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude." {
-			system.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
-				if part.Get("type").String() == "text" {
-					claudeCodeInstructions, _ = sjson.SetRaw(claudeCodeInstructions, "-1", part.Raw)
-				}
-				return true
-			})
-			payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
-		}
-	} else {
-		payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
+	// Non-strict mode: billing header + agent identifier + user system messages
+	// Skip if already injected
+	firstText := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system.0.text").String()
+	if strings.HasPrefix(firstText, "x-anthropic-billing-header:") {
+		return payload
 	}
+
+	result := "[" + billingBlock + "," + agentBlock
+	if system.IsArray() {
+		system.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
+			if part.Get("type").String() == "text" {
+				// Add cache_control to user system messages if not present.
+				// Do NOT add ttl — let it inherit the default (5m) to avoid
+				// TTL ordering violations with the prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05 beta.
+				partJSON := part.Raw
+				if !part.Get("cache_control").Exists() {
+					partJSON, _ = sjson.Set(partJSON, "cache_control.type", "ephemeral")
+				}
+				result += "," + partJSON
+			}
+			return true
+		})
+	} else if system.Type == gjson.String && system.String() != "" {
+		partJSON := `{"type":"text","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}`
+		partJSON, _ = sjson.Set(partJSON, "text", system.String())
+		result += "," + partJSON
+	}
+	result += "]"
+
+	payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(result))
 	return payload
 }
 
@@ -1224,6 +1411,325 @@ func countCacheControls(payload []byte) int {
 	return count
 }
 
+func parsePayloadObject(payload []byte) (map[string]any, bool) {
+	if len(payload) == 0 {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	var root map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &root); err != nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return root, true
+}
+
+func marshalPayloadObject(original []byte, root map[string]any) []byte {
+	if root == nil {
+		return original
+	}
+	out, err := json.Marshal(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return original
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func asObject(v any) (map[string]any, bool) {
+	obj, ok := v.(map[string]any)
+	return obj, ok
+}
+
+func asArray(v any) ([]any, bool) {
+	arr, ok := v.([]any)
+	return arr, ok
+}
+
+func countCacheControlsMap(root map[string]any) int {
+	count := 0
+
+	if system, ok := asArray(root["system"]); ok {
+		for _, item := range system {
+			if obj, ok := asObject(item); ok {
+				if _, exists := obj["cache_control"]; exists {
+					count++
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if tools, ok := asArray(root["tools"]); ok {
+		for _, item := range tools {
+			if obj, ok := asObject(item); ok {
+				if _, exists := obj["cache_control"]; exists {
+					count++
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if messages, ok := asArray(root["messages"]); ok {
+		for _, msg := range messages {
+			msgObj, ok := asObject(msg)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			content, ok := asArray(msgObj["content"])
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			for _, item := range content {
+				if obj, ok := asObject(item); ok {
+					if _, exists := obj["cache_control"]; exists {
+						count++
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return count
+}
+
+func normalizeTTLForBlock(obj map[string]any, seen5m *bool) bool {
+	ccRaw, exists := obj["cache_control"]
+	if !exists {
+		return false
+	}
+	cc, ok := asObject(ccRaw)
+	if !ok {
+		*seen5m = true
+		return false
+	}
+	ttlRaw, ttlExists := cc["ttl"]
+	ttl, ttlIsString := ttlRaw.(string)
+	if !ttlExists || !ttlIsString || ttl != "1h" {
+		*seen5m = true
+		return false
+	}
+	if *seen5m {
+		delete(cc, "ttl")
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func findLastCacheControlIndex(arr []any) int {
+	last := -1
+	for idx, item := range arr {
+		obj, ok := asObject(item)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, exists := obj["cache_control"]; exists {
+			last = idx
+		}
+	}
+	return last
+}
+
+func stripCacheControlExceptIndex(arr []any, preserveIdx int, excess *int) {
+	for idx, item := range arr {
+		if *excess <= 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		obj, ok := asObject(item)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, exists := obj["cache_control"]; exists && idx != preserveIdx {
+			delete(obj, "cache_control")
+			*excess--
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func stripAllCacheControl(arr []any, excess *int) {
+	for _, item := range arr {
+		if *excess <= 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		obj, ok := asObject(item)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, exists := obj["cache_control"]; exists {
+			delete(obj, "cache_control")
+			*excess--
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func stripMessageCacheControl(messages []any, excess *int) {
+	for _, msg := range messages {
+		if *excess <= 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		msgObj, ok := asObject(msg)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		content, ok := asArray(msgObj["content"])
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, item := range content {
+			if *excess <= 0 {
+				return
+			}
+			obj, ok := asObject(item)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, exists := obj["cache_control"]; exists {
+				delete(obj, "cache_control")
+				*excess--
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// normalizeCacheControlTTL ensures cache_control TTL values don't violate the
+// prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05 ordering constraint: a 1h-TTL block must not
+// appear after a 5m-TTL block anywhere in the evaluation order.
+//
+// Anthropic evaluates blocks in order: tools → system (index 0..N) → messages.
+// Within each section, blocks are evaluated in array order. A 5m (default) block
+// followed by a 1h block at ANY later position is an error — including within
+// the same section (e.g. system[1]=5m then system[3]=1h).
+//
+// Strategy: walk all cache_control blocks in evaluation order. Once a 5m block
+// is seen, strip ttl from ALL subsequent 1h blocks (downgrading them to 5m).
+func normalizeCacheControlTTL(payload []byte) []byte {
+	root, ok := parsePayloadObject(payload)
+	if !ok {
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	seen5m := false
+	modified := false
+
+	if tools, ok := asArray(root["tools"]); ok {
+		for _, tool := range tools {
+			if obj, ok := asObject(tool); ok {
+				if normalizeTTLForBlock(obj, &seen5m) {
+					modified = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if system, ok := asArray(root["system"]); ok {
+		for _, item := range system {
+			if obj, ok := asObject(item); ok {
+				if normalizeTTLForBlock(obj, &seen5m) {
+					modified = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if messages, ok := asArray(root["messages"]); ok {
+		for _, msg := range messages {
+			msgObj, ok := asObject(msg)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			content, ok := asArray(msgObj["content"])
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			for _, item := range content {
+				if obj, ok := asObject(item); ok {
+					if normalizeTTLForBlock(obj, &seen5m) {
+						modified = true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !modified {
+		return payload
+	}
+	return marshalPayloadObject(payload, root)
+}
+
+// enforceCacheControlLimit removes excess cache_control blocks from a payload
+// so the total does not exceed the Anthropic API limit (currently 4).
+//
+// Anthropic evaluates cache breakpoints in order: tools → system → messages.
+// The most valuable breakpoints are:
+//  1. Last tool         — caches ALL tool definitions
+//  2. Last system block — caches ALL system content
+//  3. Recent messages   — cache conversation context
+//
+// Removal priority (strip lowest-value first):
+//
+//	Phase 1: system blocks earliest-first, preserving the last one.
+//	Phase 2: tool blocks earliest-first, preserving the last one.
+//	Phase 3: message content blocks earliest-first.
+//	Phase 4: remaining system blocks (last system).
+//	Phase 5: remaining tool blocks (last tool).
+func enforceCacheControlLimit(payload []byte, maxBlocks int) []byte {
+	root, ok := parsePayloadObject(payload)
+	if !ok {
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	total := countCacheControlsMap(root)
+	if total <= maxBlocks {
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	excess := total - maxBlocks
+
+	var system []any
+	if arr, ok := asArray(root["system"]); ok {
+		system = arr
+	}
+	var tools []any
+	if arr, ok := asArray(root["tools"]); ok {
+		tools = arr
+	}
+	var messages []any
+	if arr, ok := asArray(root["messages"]); ok {
+		messages = arr
+	}
+
+	if len(system) > 0 {
+		stripCacheControlExceptIndex(system, findLastCacheControlIndex(system), &excess)
+	}
+	if excess <= 0 {
+		return marshalPayloadObject(payload, root)
+	}
+
+	if len(tools) > 0 {
+		stripCacheControlExceptIndex(tools, findLastCacheControlIndex(tools), &excess)
+	}
+	if excess <= 0 {
+		return marshalPayloadObject(payload, root)
+	}
+
+	if len(messages) > 0 {
+		stripMessageCacheControl(messages, &excess)
+	}
+	if excess <= 0 {
+		return marshalPayloadObject(payload, root)
+	}
+
+	if len(system) > 0 {
+		stripAllCacheControl(system, &excess)
+	}
+	if excess <= 0 {
+		return marshalPayloadObject(payload, root)
+	}
+
+	if len(tools) > 0 {
+		stripAllCacheControl(tools, &excess)
+	}
+
+	return marshalPayloadObject(payload, root)
+}
+
 // injectMessagesCacheControl adds cache_control to the second-to-last user turn for multi-turn caching.
 // Per Anthropic docs: "Place cache_control on the second-to-last User message to let the model reuse the earlier cache."
 // This enables caching of conversation history, which is especially beneficial for long multi-turn conversations.

internal/runtime/executor/claude_executor_test.go

@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ package executor
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
 	"context"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -348,3 +351,716 @@ func TestApplyClaudeToolPrefix_SkipsBuiltinToolReference(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("built-in tool_reference should not be prefixed, got %q", got)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestNormalizeCacheControlTTL_DowngradesLaterOneHourBlocks(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"tools": [{"name":"t1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}],
+		"system": [{"type":"text","text":"s1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}],
+		"messages": [{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"u1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}]}]
+	}`)
+
+	out := normalizeCacheControlTTL(payload)
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.cache_control.ttl").String(); got != "1h" {
+		t.Fatalf("tools.0.cache_control.ttl = %q, want %q", got, "1h")
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages.0.content.0.cache_control.ttl").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("messages.0.content.0.cache_control.ttl should be removed after a default-5m block")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeCacheControlTTL_PreservesOriginalBytesWhenNoChange(t *testing.T) {
+	// Payload where no TTL normalization is needed (all blocks use 1h with no
+	// preceding 5m block). The text intentionally contains HTML chars (<, >, &)
+	// that json.Marshal would escape to \u003c etc., altering byte identity.
+	payload := []byte(`{"tools":[{"name":"t1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}],"system":[{"type":"text","text":"<system-reminder>foo & bar</system-reminder>","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}],"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hello"}]}]}`)
+
+	out := normalizeCacheControlTTL(payload)
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(out, payload) {
+		t.Fatalf("normalizeCacheControlTTL altered bytes when no change was needed.\noriginal: %s\ngot:      %s", payload, out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnforceCacheControlLimit_StripsNonLastToolBeforeMessages(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"tools": [
+			{"name":"t1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},
+			{"name":"t2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}
+		],
+		"system": [{"type":"text","text":"s1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}],
+		"messages": [
+			{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"u1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}]},
+			{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"u2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}]}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out := enforceCacheControlLimit(payload, 4)
+
+	if got := countCacheControls(out); got != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("cache_control count = %d, want 4", got)
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.cache_control").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("tools.0.cache_control should be removed first (non-last tool)")
+	}
+	if !gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.1.cache_control").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("tools.1.cache_control (last tool) should be preserved")
+	}
+	if !gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages.0.content.0.cache_control").Exists() || !gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages.1.content.0.cache_control").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("message cache_control blocks should be preserved when non-last tool removal is enough")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnforceCacheControlLimit_ToolOnlyPayloadStillRespectsLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"tools": [
+			{"name":"t1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},
+			{"name":"t2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},
+			{"name":"t3","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},
+			{"name":"t4","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},
+			{"name":"t5","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out := enforceCacheControlLimit(payload, 4)
+
+	if got := countCacheControls(out); got != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("cache_control count = %d, want 4", got)
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.cache_control").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("tools.0.cache_control should be removed to satisfy max=4")
+	}
+	if !gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.4.cache_control").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("last tool cache_control should be preserved when possible")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClaudeExecutor_CountTokens_AppliesCacheControlGuards(t *testing.T) {
+	var seenBody []byte
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		seenBody = bytes.Clone(body)
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"input_tokens":42}`))
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"tools": [
+			{"name":"t1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}},
+			{"name":"t2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}
+		],
+		"system": [
+			{"type":"text","text":"s1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}},
+			{"type":"text","text":"s2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}
+		],
+		"messages": [
+			{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"u1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}]},
+			{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"u2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral","ttl":"1h"}}]}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	_, err := executor.CountTokens(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-haiku-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude")})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CountTokens error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(seenBody) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("expected count_tokens request body to be captured")
+	}
+	if got := countCacheControls(seenBody); got > 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("count_tokens body has %d cache_control blocks, want <= 4", got)
+	}
+	if hasTTLOrderingViolation(seenBody) {
+		t.Fatalf("count_tokens body still has ttl ordering violations: %s", string(seenBody))
+	}
+}
+
+func hasTTLOrderingViolation(payload []byte) bool {
+	seen5m := false
+	violates := false
+
+	checkCC := func(cc gjson.Result) {
+		if !cc.Exists() || violates {
+			return
+		}
+		ttl := cc.Get("ttl").String()
+		if ttl != "1h" {
+			seen5m = true
+			return
+		}
+		if seen5m {
+			violates = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	tools := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "tools")
+	if tools.IsArray() {
+		tools.ForEach(func(_, tool gjson.Result) bool {
+			checkCC(tool.Get("cache_control"))
+			return !violates
+		})
+	}
+
+	system := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system")
+	if system.IsArray() {
+		system.ForEach(func(_, item gjson.Result) bool {
+			checkCC(item.Get("cache_control"))
+			return !violates
+		})
+	}
+
+	messages := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "messages")
+	if messages.IsArray() {
+		messages.ForEach(func(_, msg gjson.Result) bool {
+			content := msg.Get("content")
+			if content.IsArray() {
+				content.ForEach(func(_, item gjson.Result) bool {
+					checkCC(item.Get("cache_control"))
+					return !violates
+				})
+			}
+			return !violates
+		})
+	}
+
+	return violates
+}
+
+func TestClaudeExecutor_Execute_InvalidGzipErrorBodyReturnsDecodeMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	testClaudeExecutorInvalidCompressedErrorBody(t, func(executor *ClaudeExecutor, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, payload []byte) error {
+		_, err := executor.Execute(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+			Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+			Payload: payload,
+		}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude")})
+		return err
+	})
+}
+
+func TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_InvalidGzipErrorBodyReturnsDecodeMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	testClaudeExecutorInvalidCompressedErrorBody(t, func(executor *ClaudeExecutor, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, payload []byte) error {
+		_, err := executor.ExecuteStream(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+			Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+			Payload: payload,
+		}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude")})
+		return err
+	})
+}
+
+func TestClaudeExecutor_CountTokens_InvalidGzipErrorBodyReturnsDecodeMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	testClaudeExecutorInvalidCompressedErrorBody(t, func(executor *ClaudeExecutor, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, payload []byte) error {
+		_, err := executor.CountTokens(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+			Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+			Payload: payload,
+		}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude")})
+		return err
+	})
+}
+
+func testClaudeExecutorInvalidCompressedErrorBody(
+	t *testing.T,
+	invoke func(executor *ClaudeExecutor, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, payload []byte) error,
+) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Encoding", "gzip")
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("not-a-valid-gzip-stream"))
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	err := invoke(executor, auth, payload)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to decode error response body") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected decode failure message, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if statusProvider, ok := err.(interface{ StatusCode() int }); !ok || statusProvider.StatusCode() != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status code 400, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_SetsIdentityAcceptEncoding verifies that streaming
+// requests use Accept-Encoding: identity so the upstream cannot respond with a
+// compressed SSE body that would silently break the line scanner.
+func TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_SetsIdentityAcceptEncoding(t *testing.T) {
+	var gotEncoding, gotAccept string
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		gotEncoding = r.Header.Get("Accept-Encoding")
+		gotAccept = r.Header.Get("Accept")
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("data: {\"type\":\"message_stop\"}\n\n"))
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	result, err := executor.ExecuteStream(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude"),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream error: %v", err)
+	}
+	for chunk := range result.Chunks {
+		if chunk.Err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected chunk error: %v", chunk.Err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if gotEncoding != "identity" {
+		t.Errorf("Accept-Encoding = %q, want %q", gotEncoding, "identity")
+	}
+	if gotAccept != "text/event-stream" {
+		t.Errorf("Accept = %q, want %q", gotAccept, "text/event-stream")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClaudeExecutor_Execute_SetsCompressedAcceptEncoding verifies that non-streaming
+// requests keep the full accept-encoding to allow response compression (which
+// decodeResponseBody handles correctly).
+func TestClaudeExecutor_Execute_SetsCompressedAcceptEncoding(t *testing.T) {
+	var gotEncoding, gotAccept string
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		gotEncoding = r.Header.Get("Accept-Encoding")
+		gotAccept = r.Header.Get("Accept")
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"id":"msg_1","type":"message","model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}],"usage":{"input_tokens":1,"output_tokens":1}}`))
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	_, err := executor.Execute(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude"),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if gotEncoding != "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" {
+		t.Errorf("Accept-Encoding = %q, want %q", gotEncoding, "gzip, deflate, br, zstd")
+	}
+	if gotAccept != "application/json" {
+		t.Errorf("Accept = %q, want %q", gotAccept, "application/json")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_GzipSuccessBodyDecoded verifies that a streaming
+// HTTP 200 response with Content-Encoding: gzip is correctly decompressed before
+// the line scanner runs, so SSE chunks are not silently dropped.
+func TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_GzipSuccessBodyDecoded(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	_, _ = gz.Write([]byte("data: {\"type\":\"message_stop\"}\n"))
+	_ = gz.Close()
+	compressedBody := buf.Bytes()
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Encoding", "gzip")
+		_, _ = w.Write(compressedBody)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	result, err := executor.ExecuteStream(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude"),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var combined strings.Builder
+	for chunk := range result.Chunks {
+		if chunk.Err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("chunk error: %v", chunk.Err)
+		}
+		combined.Write(chunk.Payload)
+	}
+
+	if combined.Len() == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("expected at least one chunk from gzip-encoded SSE body, got none (body was not decompressed)")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(combined.String(), "message_stop") {
+		t.Errorf("expected SSE content in chunks, got: %q", combined.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDecodeResponseBody_MagicByteGzipNoHeader verifies that decodeResponseBody
+// detects gzip-compressed content via magic bytes even when Content-Encoding is absent.
+func TestDecodeResponseBody_MagicByteGzipNoHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	const plaintext = "data: {\"type\":\"message_stop\"}\n"
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	_, _ = gz.Write([]byte(plaintext))
+	_ = gz.Close()
+
+	rc := io.NopCloser(&buf)
+	decoded, err := decodeResponseBody(rc, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decodeResponseBody error: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer decoded.Close()
+
+	got, err := io.ReadAll(decoded)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadAll error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(got) != plaintext {
+		t.Errorf("decoded = %q, want %q", got, plaintext)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDecodeResponseBody_PlainTextNoHeader verifies that decodeResponseBody returns
+// plain text untouched when Content-Encoding is absent and no magic bytes match.
+func TestDecodeResponseBody_PlainTextNoHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	const plaintext = "data: {\"type\":\"message_stop\"}\n"
+	rc := io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(plaintext))
+	decoded, err := decodeResponseBody(rc, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decodeResponseBody error: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer decoded.Close()
+
+	got, err := io.ReadAll(decoded)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadAll error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(got) != plaintext {
+		t.Errorf("decoded = %q, want %q", got, plaintext)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_GzipNoContentEncodingHeader verifies the full
+// pipeline: when the upstream returns a gzip-compressed SSE body WITHOUT setting
+// Content-Encoding (a misbehaving upstream), the magic-byte sniff in
+// decodeResponseBody still decompresses it, so chunks reach the caller.
+func TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_GzipNoContentEncodingHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	_, _ = gz.Write([]byte("data: {\"type\":\"message_stop\"}\n"))
+	_ = gz.Close()
+	compressedBody := buf.Bytes()
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+		// Intentionally omit Content-Encoding to simulate misbehaving upstream.
+		_, _ = w.Write(compressedBody)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	result, err := executor.ExecuteStream(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude"),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var combined strings.Builder
+	for chunk := range result.Chunks {
+		if chunk.Err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("chunk error: %v", chunk.Err)
+		}
+		combined.Write(chunk.Payload)
+	}
+
+	if combined.Len() == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("expected chunks from gzip body without Content-Encoding header, got none (magic-byte sniff failed)")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(combined.String(), "message_stop") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected chunk content: %q", combined.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_AcceptEncodingOverrideCannotBypassIdentity verifies
+// that injecting Accept-Encoding via auth.Attributes cannot override the stream
+// path's enforced identity encoding.
+func TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_AcceptEncodingOverrideCannotBypassIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	var gotEncoding string
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		gotEncoding = r.Header.Get("Accept-Encoding")
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("data: {\"type\":\"message_stop\"}\n\n"))
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	// Inject Accept-Encoding via the custom header attribute mechanism.
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":             "key-123",
+		"base_url":            server.URL,
+		"header:Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br, zstd",
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	result, err := executor.ExecuteStream(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude"),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream error: %v", err)
+	}
+	for chunk := range result.Chunks {
+		if chunk.Err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected chunk error: %v", chunk.Err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if gotEncoding != "identity" {
+		t.Errorf("Accept-Encoding = %q; stream path must enforce identity regardless of auth.Attributes override", gotEncoding)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDecodeResponseBody_MagicByteZstdNoHeader verifies that decodeResponseBody
+// detects zstd-compressed content via magic bytes (28 b5 2f fd) even when
+// Content-Encoding is absent.
+func TestDecodeResponseBody_MagicByteZstdNoHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	const plaintext = "data: {\"type\":\"message_stop\"}\n"
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	enc, err := zstd.NewWriter(&buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("zstd.NewWriter: %v", err)
+	}
+	_, _ = enc.Write([]byte(plaintext))
+	_ = enc.Close()
+
+	rc := io.NopCloser(&buf)
+	decoded, err := decodeResponseBody(rc, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decodeResponseBody error: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer decoded.Close()
+
+	got, err := io.ReadAll(decoded)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadAll error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(got) != plaintext {
+		t.Errorf("decoded = %q, want %q", got, plaintext)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClaudeExecutor_Execute_GzipErrorBodyNoContentEncodingHeader verifies that the
+// error path (4xx) correctly decompresses a gzip body even when the upstream omits
+// the Content-Encoding header.  This closes the gap left by PR #1771, which only
+// fixed header-declared compression on the error path.
+func TestClaudeExecutor_Execute_GzipErrorBodyNoContentEncodingHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	const errJSON = `{"type":"error","error":{"type":"invalid_request_error","message":"test error"}}`
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	_, _ = gz.Write([]byte(errJSON))
+	_ = gz.Close()
+	compressedBody := buf.Bytes()
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		// Intentionally omit Content-Encoding to simulate misbehaving upstream.
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
+		_, _ = w.Write(compressedBody)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	_, err := executor.Execute(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude"),
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected an error for 400 response, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "test error") {
+		t.Errorf("error message should contain decompressed JSON, got: %q", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_GzipErrorBodyNoContentEncodingHeader verifies
+// the same for the streaming executor: 4xx gzip body without Content-Encoding is
+// decoded and the error message is readable.
+func TestClaudeExecutor_ExecuteStream_GzipErrorBodyNoContentEncodingHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	const errJSON = `{"type":"error","error":{"type":"invalid_request_error","message":"stream test error"}}`
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	_, _ = gz.Write([]byte(errJSON))
+	_ = gz.Close()
+	compressedBody := buf.Bytes()
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		// Intentionally omit Content-Encoding to simulate misbehaving upstream.
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
+		_, _ = w.Write(compressedBody)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	executor := NewClaudeExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{Attributes: map[string]string{
+		"api_key":  "key-123",
+		"base_url": server.URL,
+	}}
+	payload := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+
+	_, err := executor.ExecuteStream(context.Background(), auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+		Payload: payload,
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("claude"),
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected an error for 400 response, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "stream test error") {
+		t.Errorf("error message should contain decompressed JSON, got: %q", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// Test case 1: String system prompt is preserved and converted to a content block
+func TestCheckSystemInstructionsWithMode_StringSystemPreserved(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{"system":"You are a helpful assistant.","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`)
+
+	out := checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload, false)
+
+	system := gjson.GetBytes(out, "system")
+	if !system.IsArray() {
+		t.Fatalf("system should be an array, got %s", system.Type)
+	}
+
+	blocks := system.Array()
+	if len(blocks) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 system blocks, got %d", len(blocks))
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(blocks[0].Get("text").String(), "x-anthropic-billing-header:") {
+		t.Fatalf("blocks[0] should be billing header, got %q", blocks[0].Get("text").String())
+	}
+	if blocks[1].Get("text").String() != "You are a Claude agent, built on Anthropic's Claude Agent SDK." {
+		t.Fatalf("blocks[1] should be agent block, got %q", blocks[1].Get("text").String())
+	}
+	if blocks[2].Get("text").String() != "You are a helpful assistant." {
+		t.Fatalf("blocks[2] should be user system prompt, got %q", blocks[2].Get("text").String())
+	}
+	if blocks[2].Get("cache_control.type").String() != "ephemeral" {
+		t.Fatalf("blocks[2] should have cache_control.type=ephemeral")
+	}
+}
+
+// Test case 2: Strict mode drops the string system prompt
+func TestCheckSystemInstructionsWithMode_StringSystemStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{"system":"You are a helpful assistant.","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`)
+
+	out := checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload, true)
+
+	blocks := gjson.GetBytes(out, "system").Array()
+	if len(blocks) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("strict mode should produce 2 blocks, got %d", len(blocks))
+	}
+}
+
+// Test case 3: Empty string system prompt does not produce a spurious block
+func TestCheckSystemInstructionsWithMode_EmptyStringSystemIgnored(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{"system":"","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`)
+
+	out := checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload, false)
+
+	blocks := gjson.GetBytes(out, "system").Array()
+	if len(blocks) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("empty string system should produce 2 blocks, got %d", len(blocks))
+	}
+}
+
+// Test case 4: Array system prompt is unaffected by the string handling
+func TestCheckSystemInstructionsWithMode_ArraySystemStillWorks(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{"system":[{"type":"text","text":"Be concise."}],"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`)
+
+	out := checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload, false)
+
+	blocks := gjson.GetBytes(out, "system").Array()
+	if len(blocks) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 system blocks, got %d", len(blocks))
+	}
+	if blocks[2].Get("text").String() != "Be concise." {
+		t.Fatalf("blocks[2] should be user system prompt, got %q", blocks[2].Get("text").String())
+	}
+}
+
+// Test case 5: Special characters in string system prompt survive conversion
+func TestCheckSystemInstructionsWithMode_StringWithSpecialChars(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{"system":"Use <xml> tags & \"quotes\" in output.","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`)
+
+	out := checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload, false)
+
+	blocks := gjson.GetBytes(out, "system").Array()
+	if len(blocks) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 system blocks, got %d", len(blocks))
+	}
+	if blocks[2].Get("text").String() != `Use <xml> tags & "quotes" in output.` {
+		t.Fatalf("blocks[2] text mangled, got %q", blocks[2].Get("text").String())
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/cloak_utils.go

@@ -9,17 +9,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
-// userIDPattern matches Claude Code format: user_[64-hex]_account__session_[uuid-v4]
-var userIDPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^user_[a-fA-F0-9]{64}_account__session_[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$`)
+// userIDPattern matches Claude Code format: user_[64-hex]_account_[uuid]_session_[uuid]
+var userIDPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^user_[a-fA-F0-9]{64}_account_[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}_session_[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$`)
 
 // generateFakeUserID generates a fake user ID in Claude Code format.
-// Format: user_[64-hex-chars]_account__session_[UUID-v4]
+// Format: user_[64-hex-chars]_account_[UUID-v4]_session_[UUID-v4]
 func generateFakeUserID() string {
 	hexBytes := make([]byte, 32)
 	_, _ = rand.Read(hexBytes)
 	hexPart := hex.EncodeToString(hexBytes)
-	uuidPart := uuid.New().String()
-	return "user_" + hexPart + "_account__session_" + uuidPart
+	accountUUID := uuid.New().String()
+	sessionUUID := uuid.New().String()
+	return "user_" + hexPart + "_account_" + accountUUID + "_session_" + sessionUUID
 }
 
 // isValidUserID checks if a user ID matches Claude Code format.

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor.go

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, b)
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) executeCompact(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, b)
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 		}
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), data))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(data)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, data)
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	out := make(chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk)
@@ -616,6 +616,10 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) cacheHelper(ctx context.Context, from sdktranslator.Form
 		if promptCacheKey.Exists() {
 			cache.ID = promptCacheKey.String()
 		}
+	} else if from == "openai" {
+		if apiKey := strings.TrimSpace(apiKeyFromContext(ctx)); apiKey != "" {
+			cache.ID = uuid.NewSHA1(uuid.NameSpaceOID, []byte("cli-proxy-api:codex:prompt-cache:"+apiKey)).String()
+		}
 	}
 
 	if cache.ID != "" {
@@ -673,6 +677,35 @@ func applyCodexHeaders(r *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, token string, s
 	util.ApplyCustomHeadersFromAttrs(r, attrs)
 }
 
+func newCodexStatusErr(statusCode int, body []byte) statusErr {
+	err := statusErr{code: statusCode, msg: string(body)}
+	if retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(statusCode, body, time.Now()); retryAfter != nil {
+		err.retryAfter = retryAfter
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func parseCodexRetryAfter(statusCode int, errorBody []byte, now time.Time) *time.Duration {
+	if statusCode != http.StatusTooManyRequests || len(errorBody) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.type").String()) != "usage_limit_reached" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if resetsAt := gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.resets_at").Int(); resetsAt > 0 {
+		resetAtTime := time.Unix(resetsAt, 0)
+		if resetAtTime.After(now) {
+			retryAfter := resetAtTime.Sub(now)
+			return &retryAfter
+		}
+	}
+	if resetsInSeconds := gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.resets_in_seconds").Int(); resetsInSeconds > 0 {
+		retryAfter := time.Duration(resetsInSeconds) * time.Second
+		return &retryAfter
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func codexCreds(a *cliproxyauth.Auth) (apiKey, baseURL string) {
 	if a == nil {
 		return "", ""

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
+	sdktranslator "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/translator"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestCodexExecutorCacheHelper_OpenAIChatCompletions_StablePromptCacheKeyFromAPIKey(t *testing.T) {
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	ginCtx, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(recorder)
+	ginCtx.Set("apiKey", "test-api-key")
+
+	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), "gin", ginCtx)
+	executor := &CodexExecutor{}
+	rawJSON := []byte(`{"model":"gpt-5.3-codex","stream":true}`)
+	req := cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "gpt-5.3-codex",
+		Payload: []byte(`{"model":"gpt-5.3-codex"}`),
+	}
+	url := "https://example.com/responses"
+
+	httpReq, err := executor.cacheHelper(ctx, sdktranslator.FromString("openai"), url, req, rawJSON)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cacheHelper error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	body, errRead := io.ReadAll(httpReq.Body)
+	if errRead != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read request body: %v", errRead)
+	}
+
+	expectedKey := uuid.NewSHA1(uuid.NameSpaceOID, []byte("cli-proxy-api:codex:prompt-cache:test-api-key")).String()
+	gotKey := gjson.GetBytes(body, "prompt_cache_key").String()
+	if gotKey != expectedKey {
+		t.Fatalf("prompt_cache_key = %q, want %q", gotKey, expectedKey)
+	}
+	if gotConversation := httpReq.Header.Get("Conversation_id"); gotConversation != expectedKey {
+		t.Fatalf("Conversation_id = %q, want %q", gotConversation, expectedKey)
+	}
+	if gotSession := httpReq.Header.Get("Session_id"); gotSession != expectedKey {
+		t.Fatalf("Session_id = %q, want %q", gotSession, expectedKey)
+	}
+
+	httpReq2, err := executor.cacheHelper(ctx, sdktranslator.FromString("openai"), url, req, rawJSON)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cacheHelper error (second call): %v", err)
+	}
+	body2, errRead2 := io.ReadAll(httpReq2.Body)
+	if errRead2 != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read request body (second call): %v", errRead2)
+	}
+	gotKey2 := gjson.GetBytes(body2, "prompt_cache_key").String()
+	if gotKey2 != expectedKey {
+		t.Fatalf("prompt_cache_key (second call) = %q, want %q", gotKey2, expectedKey)
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor_retry_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestParseCodexRetryAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Unix(1_700_000_000, 0)
+
+	t.Run("resets_in_seconds", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_in_seconds":123}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 123*time.Second {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 123*time.Second)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("prefers resets_at", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resetAt := now.Add(5 * time.Minute).Unix()
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_at":` + itoa(resetAt) + `,"resets_in_seconds":1}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 5*time.Minute {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 5*time.Minute)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("fallback when resets_at is past", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resetAt := now.Add(-1 * time.Minute).Unix()
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_at":` + itoa(resetAt) + `,"resets_in_seconds":77}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 77*time.Second {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 77*time.Second)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non-429 status code", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_in_seconds":30}}`)
+		if got := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusBadRequest, body, now); got != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected nil for non-429, got %v", *got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non usage_limit_reached error type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"server_error","resets_in_seconds":30}}`)
+		if got := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now); got != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected nil for non-usage_limit_reached, got %v", *got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func itoa(v int64) string {
+	return strconv.FormatInt(v, 10)
+}

internal/runtime/executor/codex_websockets_executor.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	codexResponsesWebsocketBetaHeaderValue = "responses_websockets=2026-02-04"
+	codexResponsesWebsocketBetaHeaderValue = "responses_websockets=2026-02-06"
 	codexResponsesWebsocketIdleTimeout     = 5 * time.Minute
 	codexResponsesWebsocketHandshakeTO     = 30 * time.Second
 )
@@ -57,11 +57,6 @@ type codexWebsocketSession struct {
 	wsURL  string
 	authID string
 
-	// connCreateSent tracks whether a `response.create` message has been successfully sent
-	// on the current websocket connection. The upstream expects the first message on each
-	// connection to be `response.create`.
-	connCreateSent bool
-
 	writeMu sync.Mutex
 
 	activeMu     sync.Mutex
@@ -212,13 +207,7 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 		defer sess.reqMu.Unlock()
 	}
 
-	allowAppend := true
-	if sess != nil {
-		sess.connMu.Lock()
-		allowAppend = sess.connCreateSent
-		sess.connMu.Unlock()
-	}
-	wsReqBody := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body, allowAppend)
+	wsReqBody := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body)
 	recordAPIRequest(ctx, e.cfg, upstreamRequestLog{
 		URL:       wsURL,
 		Method:    "WEBSOCKET",
@@ -280,10 +269,7 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 			// execution session.
 			connRetry, _, errDialRetry := e.ensureUpstreamConn(ctx, auth, sess, authID, wsURL, wsHeaders)
 			if errDialRetry == nil && connRetry != nil {
-				sess.connMu.Lock()
-				allowAppend = sess.connCreateSent
-				sess.connMu.Unlock()
-				wsReqBodyRetry := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body, allowAppend)
+				wsReqBodyRetry := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body)
 				recordAPIRequest(ctx, e.cfg, upstreamRequestLog{
 					URL:       wsURL,
 					Method:    "WEBSOCKET",
@@ -312,7 +298,6 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 			return resp, errSend
 		}
 	}
-	markCodexWebsocketCreateSent(sess, conn, wsReqBody)
 
 	for {
 		if ctx != nil && ctx.Err() != nil {
@@ -403,26 +388,20 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *clipr
 	wsHeaders = applyCodexWebsocketHeaders(ctx, wsHeaders, auth, apiKey)
 
 	var authID, authLabel, authType, authValue string
-	if auth != nil {
-		authID = auth.ID
-		authLabel = auth.Label
-		authType, authValue = auth.AccountInfo()
-	}
+	authID = auth.ID
+	authLabel = auth.Label
+	authType, authValue = auth.AccountInfo()
 
 	executionSessionID := executionSessionIDFromOptions(opts)
 	var sess *codexWebsocketSession
 	if executionSessionID != "" {
 		sess = e.getOrCreateSession(executionSessionID)
-		sess.reqMu.Lock()
+		if sess != nil {
+			sess.reqMu.Lock()
+		}
 	}
 
-	allowAppend := true
-	if sess != nil {
-		sess.connMu.Lock()
-		allowAppend = sess.connCreateSent
-		sess.connMu.Unlock()
-	}
-	wsReqBody := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body, allowAppend)
+	wsReqBody := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body)
 	recordAPIRequest(ctx, e.cfg, upstreamRequestLog{
 		URL:       wsURL,
 		Method:    "WEBSOCKET",
@@ -483,10 +462,7 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *clipr
 				sess.reqMu.Unlock()
 				return nil, errDialRetry
 			}
-			sess.connMu.Lock()
-			allowAppend = sess.connCreateSent
-			sess.connMu.Unlock()
-			wsReqBodyRetry := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body, allowAppend)
+			wsReqBodyRetry := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body)
 			recordAPIRequest(ctx, e.cfg, upstreamRequestLog{
 				URL:       wsURL,
 				Method:    "WEBSOCKET",
@@ -515,7 +491,6 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *clipr
 			return nil, errSend
 		}
 	}
-	markCodexWebsocketCreateSent(sess, conn, wsReqBody)
 
 	out := make(chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk)
 	go func() {
@@ -657,31 +632,14 @@ func writeCodexWebsocketMessage(sess *codexWebsocketSession, conn *websocket.Con
 	return conn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, payload)
 }
 
-func buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body []byte, allowAppend bool) []byte {
+func buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body []byte) []byte {
 	if len(body) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Codex CLI websocket v2 uses `response.create` with `previous_response_id` for incremental turns.
-	// The upstream ChatGPT Codex websocket currently rejects that with close 1008 (policy violation).
-	// Fall back to v1 `response.append` semantics on the same websocket connection to keep the session alive.
-	//
-	// NOTE: The upstream expects the first websocket event on each connection to be `response.create`,
-	// so we only use `response.append` after we have initialized the current connection.
-	if allowAppend {
-		if prev := strings.TrimSpace(gjson.GetBytes(body, "previous_response_id").String()); prev != "" {
-			inputNode := gjson.GetBytes(body, "input")
-			wsReqBody := []byte(`{}`)
-			wsReqBody, _ = sjson.SetBytes(wsReqBody, "type", "response.append")
-			if inputNode.Exists() && inputNode.IsArray() && strings.TrimSpace(inputNode.Raw) != "" {
-				wsReqBody, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(wsReqBody, "input", []byte(inputNode.Raw))
-				return wsReqBody
-			}
-			wsReqBody, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(wsReqBody, "input", []byte("[]"))
-			return wsReqBody
-		}
-	}
-
+	// Match codex-rs websocket v2 semantics: every request is `response.create`.
+	// Incremental follow-up turns continue on the same websocket using
+	// `previous_response_id` + incremental `input`, not `response.append`.
 	wsReqBody, errSet := sjson.SetBytes(bytes.Clone(body), "type", "response.create")
 	if errSet == nil && len(wsReqBody) > 0 {
 		return wsReqBody
@@ -725,21 +683,6 @@ func readCodexWebsocketMessage(ctx context.Context, sess *codexWebsocketSession,
 	}
 }
 
-func markCodexWebsocketCreateSent(sess *codexWebsocketSession, conn *websocket.Conn, payload []byte) {
-	if sess == nil || conn == nil || len(payload) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	if strings.TrimSpace(gjson.GetBytes(payload, "type").String()) != "response.create" {
-		return
-	}
-
-	sess.connMu.Lock()
-	if sess.conn == conn {
-		sess.connCreateSent = true
-	}
-	sess.connMu.Unlock()
-}
-
 func newProxyAwareWebsocketDialer(cfg *config.Config, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *websocket.Dialer {
 	dialer := &websocket.Dialer{
 		Proxy:             http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
@@ -1017,36 +960,6 @@ func closeHTTPResponseBody(resp *http.Response, logPrefix string) {
 	}
 }
 
-func closeOnContextDone(ctx context.Context, conn *websocket.Conn) chan struct{} {
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	if ctx == nil || conn == nil {
-		return done
-	}
-	go func() {
-		select {
-		case <-done:
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			_ = conn.Close()
-		}
-	}()
-	return done
-}
-
-func cancelReadOnContextDone(ctx context.Context, conn *websocket.Conn) chan struct{} {
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	if ctx == nil || conn == nil {
-		return done
-	}
-	go func() {
-		select {
-		case <-done:
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			_ = conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now())
-		}
-	}()
-	return done
-}
-
 func executionSessionIDFromOptions(opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) string {
 	if len(opts.Metadata) == 0 {
 		return ""
@@ -1120,7 +1033,6 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) ensureUpstreamConn(ctx context.Context, auth *
 	sess.conn = conn
 	sess.wsURL = wsURL
 	sess.authID = authID
-	sess.connCreateSent = false
 	sess.readerConn = conn
 	sess.connMu.Unlock()
 
@@ -1206,7 +1118,6 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) invalidateUpstreamConn(sess *codexWebsocketSes
 		return
 	}
 	sess.conn = nil
-	sess.connCreateSent = false
 	if sess.readerConn == conn {
 		sess.readerConn = nil
 	}
@@ -1273,7 +1184,6 @@ func (e *CodexWebsocketsExecutor) closeExecutionSession(sess *codexWebsocketSess
 	authID := sess.authID
 	wsURL := sess.wsURL
 	sess.conn = nil
-	sess.connCreateSent = false
 	if sess.readerConn == conn {
 		sess.readerConn = nil
 	}

internal/runtime/executor/codex_websockets_executor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestBuildCodexWebsocketRequestBodyPreservesPreviousResponseID(t *testing.T) {
+	body := []byte(`{"model":"gpt-5-codex","previous_response_id":"resp-1","input":[{"type":"message","id":"msg-1"}]}`)
+
+	wsReqBody := buildCodexWebsocketRequestBody(body)
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(wsReqBody, "type").String(); got != "response.create" {
+		t.Fatalf("type = %s, want response.create", got)
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(wsReqBody, "previous_response_id").String(); got != "resp-1" {
+		t.Fatalf("previous_response_id = %s, want resp-1", got)
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(wsReqBody, "input.0.id").String() != "msg-1" {
+		t.Fatalf("input item id mismatch")
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(wsReqBody, "type").String(); got == "response.append" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected websocket request type: %s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyCodexWebsocketHeadersDefaultsToCurrentResponsesBeta(t *testing.T) {
+	headers := applyCodexWebsocketHeaders(context.Background(), http.Header{}, nil, "")
+
+	if got := headers.Get("OpenAI-Beta"); got != codexResponsesWebsocketBetaHeaderValue {
+		t.Fatalf("OpenAI-Beta = %s, want %s", got, codexResponsesWebsocketBetaHeaderValue)
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_cli_executor.go

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/runtime/geminicli"
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) PrepareRequest(req *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth
 		return statusErr{code: http.StatusUnauthorized, msg: "missing access token"}
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+tok.AccessToken)
-	applyGeminiCLIHeaders(req)
+	applyGeminiCLIHeaders(req, "unknown")
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth
 		}
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+tok.AccessToken)
-		applyGeminiCLIHeaders(reqHTTP)
+		applyGeminiCLIHeaders(reqHTTP, attemptModel)
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
 		recordAPIRequest(ctx, e.cfg, upstreamRequestLog{
 			URL:       url,
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 		}
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+tok.AccessToken)
-		applyGeminiCLIHeaders(reqHTTP)
+		applyGeminiCLIHeaders(reqHTTP, attemptModel)
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Accept", "text/event-stream")
 		recordAPIRequest(ctx, e.cfg, upstreamRequestLog{
 			URL:       url,
@@ -515,7 +514,7 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.
 		}
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+tok.AccessToken)
-		applyGeminiCLIHeaders(reqHTTP)
+		applyGeminiCLIHeaders(reqHTTP, baseModel)
 		reqHTTP.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
 		recordAPIRequest(ctx, e.cfg, upstreamRequestLog{
 			URL:       url,
@@ -738,21 +737,11 @@ func stringValue(m map[string]any, key string) string {
 }
 
 // applyGeminiCLIHeaders sets required headers for the Gemini CLI upstream.
-func applyGeminiCLIHeaders(r *http.Request) {
-	var ginHeaders http.Header
-	if ginCtx, ok := r.Context().Value("gin").(*gin.Context); ok && ginCtx != nil && ginCtx.Request != nil {
-		ginHeaders = ginCtx.Request.Header
-	}
-
-	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "User-Agent", "google-api-nodejs-client/9.15.1")
-	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "X-Goog-Api-Client", "gl-node/22.17.0")
-	misc.EnsureHeader(r.Header, ginHeaders, "Client-Metadata", geminiCLIClientMetadata())
-}
-
-// geminiCLIClientMetadata returns a compact metadata string required by upstream.
-func geminiCLIClientMetadata() string {
-	// Keep parity with CLI client defaults
-	return "ideType=IDE_UNSPECIFIED,platform=PLATFORM_UNSPECIFIED,pluginType=GEMINI"
+// User-Agent is always forced to the GeminiCLI format regardless of the client's value,
+// so that upstream identifies the request as a native GeminiCLI client.
+func applyGeminiCLIHeaders(r *http.Request, model string) {
+	r.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.GeminiCLIUserAgent(model))
+	r.Header.Set("X-Goog-Api-Client", misc.GeminiCLIApiClientHeader)
 }
 
 // cliPreviewFallbackOrder returns preview model candidates for a base model.

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_vertex_executor.go

@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *clip
 
 	// For API key auth, use simpler URL format without project/location
 	if baseURL == "" {
-		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
+		baseURL = "https://aiplatform.googleapis.com"
 	}
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, baseModel, action)
 	if opts.Alt != "" && action != "countTokens" {
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth
 	action := getVertexAction(baseModel, true)
 	// For API key auth, use simpler URL format without project/location
 	if baseURL == "" {
-		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
+		baseURL = "https://aiplatform.googleapis.com"
 	}
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, baseModel, action)
 	// Imagen models don't support streaming, skip SSE params
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *
 
 	// For API key auth, use simpler URL format without project/location
 	if baseURL == "" {
-		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
+		baseURL = "https://aiplatform.googleapis.com"
 	}
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, baseModel, "countTokens")
 

internal/runtime/executor/github_copilot_executor.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	copilotauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/copilot"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -490,18 +491,46 @@ func (e *GitHubCopilotExecutor) applyHeaders(r *http.Request, apiToken string, b
 	r.Header.Set("X-Request-Id", uuid.NewString())
 
 	initiator := "user"
-	if len(body) > 0 {
-		if messages := gjson.GetBytes(body, "messages"); messages.Exists() && messages.IsArray() {
-			for _, msg := range messages.Array() {
-				role := msg.Get("role").String()
-				if role == "assistant" || role == "tool" {
-					initiator = "agent"
-					break
-				}
+	if role := detectLastConversationRole(body); role == "assistant" || role == "tool" {
+		initiator = "agent"
+	}
+	r.Header.Set("X-Initiator", initiator)
+}
+
+func detectLastConversationRole(body []byte) string {
+	if len(body) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if messages := gjson.GetBytes(body, "messages"); messages.Exists() && messages.IsArray() {
+		arr := messages.Array()
+		for i := len(arr) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			if role := arr[i].Get("role").String(); role != "" {
+				return role
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	r.Header.Set("X-Initiator", initiator)
+
+	if inputs := gjson.GetBytes(body, "input"); inputs.Exists() && inputs.IsArray() {
+		arr := inputs.Array()
+		for i := len(arr) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			item := arr[i]
+
+			// Most Responses input items carry a top-level role.
+			if role := item.Get("role").String(); role != "" {
+				return role
+			}
+
+			switch item.Get("type").String() {
+			case "function_call", "function_call_arguments", "computer_call":
+				return "assistant"
+			case "function_call_output", "function_call_response", "tool_result", "computer_call_output":
+				return "tool"
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ""
 }
 
 // detectVisionContent checks if the request body contains vision/image content.
@@ -803,6 +832,10 @@ func normalizeGitHubCopilotResponsesTools(body []byte) []byte {
 		if tools.IsArray() {
 			for _, tool := range tools.Array() {
 				toolType := tool.Get("type").String()
+				if isGitHubCopilotResponsesBuiltinTool(toolType) {
+					filtered, _ = sjson.SetRaw(filtered, "-1", tool.Raw)
+					continue
+				}
 				// Accept OpenAI format (type="function") and Claude format
 				// (no type field, but has top-level name + input_schema).
 				if toolType != "" && toolType != "function" {
@@ -850,6 +883,10 @@ func normalizeGitHubCopilotResponsesTools(body []byte) []byte {
 	}
 	if toolChoice.Type == gjson.JSON {
 		choiceType := toolChoice.Get("type").String()
+		if isGitHubCopilotResponsesBuiltinTool(choiceType) {
+			body, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(body, "tool_choice", []byte(toolChoice.Raw))
+			return body
+		}
 		if choiceType == "function" {
 			name := toolChoice.Get("name").String()
 			if name == "" {
@@ -867,6 +904,15 @@ func normalizeGitHubCopilotResponsesTools(body []byte) []byte {
 	return body
 }
 
+func isGitHubCopilotResponsesBuiltinTool(toolType string) bool {
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(toolType) {
+	case "computer", "computer_use_preview":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 func collectTextFromNode(node gjson.Result) string {
 	if !node.Exists() {
 		return ""
@@ -1236,3 +1282,99 @@ func translateGitHubCopilotResponsesStreamToClaude(line []byte, param *any) []st
 func isHTTPSuccess(statusCode int) bool {
 	return statusCode >= 200 && statusCode < 300
 }
+
+const (
+	// defaultCopilotContextLength is the default context window for unknown Copilot models.
+	defaultCopilotContextLength = 128000
+	// defaultCopilotMaxCompletionTokens is the default max output tokens for unknown Copilot models.
+	defaultCopilotMaxCompletionTokens = 16384
+)
+
+// FetchGitHubCopilotModels dynamically fetches available models from the GitHub Copilot API.
+// It exchanges the GitHub access token stored in auth.Metadata for a Copilot API token,
+// then queries the /models endpoint. Falls back to the static registry on any failure.
+func FetchGitHubCopilotModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *config.Config) []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	if auth == nil {
+		log.Debug("github-copilot: auth is nil, using static models")
+		return registry.GetGitHubCopilotModels()
+	}
+
+	accessToken := metaStringValue(auth.Metadata, "access_token")
+	if accessToken == "" {
+		log.Debug("github-copilot: no access_token in auth metadata, using static models")
+		return registry.GetGitHubCopilotModels()
+	}
+
+	copilotAuth := copilotauth.NewCopilotAuth(cfg)
+
+	entries, err := copilotAuth.ListModelsWithGitHubToken(ctx, accessToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("github-copilot: failed to fetch dynamic models: %v, using static models", err)
+		return registry.GetGitHubCopilotModels()
+	}
+
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		log.Debug("github-copilot: API returned no models, using static models")
+		return registry.GetGitHubCopilotModels()
+	}
+
+	// Build a lookup from the static definitions so we can enrich dynamic entries
+	// with known context lengths, thinking support, etc.
+	staticMap := make(map[string]*registry.ModelInfo)
+	for _, m := range registry.GetGitHubCopilotModels() {
+		staticMap[m.ID] = m
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+	models := make([]*registry.ModelInfo, 0, len(entries))
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(entries))
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if entry.ID == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Deduplicate model IDs to avoid incorrect reference counting.
+		if _, dup := seen[entry.ID]; dup {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[entry.ID] = struct{}{}
+
+		m := &registry.ModelInfo{
+			ID:      entry.ID,
+			Object:  "model",
+			Created: now,
+			OwnedBy: "github-copilot",
+			Type:    "github-copilot",
+		}
+
+		if entry.Created > 0 {
+			m.Created = entry.Created
+		}
+		if entry.Name != "" {
+			m.DisplayName = entry.Name
+		} else {
+			m.DisplayName = entry.ID
+		}
+
+		// Merge known metadata from the static fallback list
+		if static, ok := staticMap[entry.ID]; ok {
+			if m.DisplayName == entry.ID && static.DisplayName != "" {
+				m.DisplayName = static.DisplayName
+			}
+			m.Description = static.Description
+			m.ContextLength = static.ContextLength
+			m.MaxCompletionTokens = static.MaxCompletionTokens
+			m.SupportedEndpoints = static.SupportedEndpoints
+			m.Thinking = static.Thinking
+		} else {
+			// Sensible defaults for models not in the static list
+			m.Description = entry.ID + " via GitHub Copilot"
+			m.ContextLength = defaultCopilotContextLength
+			m.MaxCompletionTokens = defaultCopilotMaxCompletionTokens
+		}
+
+		models = append(models, m)
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("github-copilot: fetched %d models from API", len(models))
+	return models
+}

internal/runtime/executor/github_copilot_executor_test.go

@@ -262,15 +262,15 @@ func TestApplyHeaders_XInitiator_UserOnly(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestApplyHeaders_XInitiator_AgentWithAssistantAndUserToolResult(t *testing.T) {
+func TestApplyHeaders_XInitiator_UserWhenLastRoleIsUser(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	e := &GitHubCopilotExecutor{}
 	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "https://example.com", nil)
-	// Claude Code typical flow: last message is user (tool result), but has assistant in history
+	// Last role governs the initiator decision.
 	body := []byte(`{"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hello"},{"role":"assistant","content":"I will read the file"},{"role":"user","content":"tool result here"}]}`)
 	e.applyHeaders(req, "token", body)
-	if got := req.Header.Get("X-Initiator"); got != "agent" {
-		t.Fatalf("X-Initiator = %q, want agent (assistant exists in messages)", got)
+	if got := req.Header.Get("X-Initiator"); got != "user" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Initiator = %q, want user (last role is user)", got)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -285,6 +285,39 @@ func TestApplyHeaders_XInitiator_AgentWithToolRole(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestApplyHeaders_XInitiator_InputArrayLastAssistantMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	e := &GitHubCopilotExecutor{}
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "https://example.com", nil)
+	body := []byte(`{"input":[{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[{"type":"input_text","text":"Hi"}]},{"type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"output_text","text":"Hello"}]}]}`)
+	e.applyHeaders(req, "token", body)
+	if got := req.Header.Get("X-Initiator"); got != "agent" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Initiator = %q, want agent (last role is assistant)", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyHeaders_XInitiator_InputArrayLastUserMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	e := &GitHubCopilotExecutor{}
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "https://example.com", nil)
+	body := []byte(`{"input":[{"type":"message","role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"output_text","text":"I can help"}]},{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[{"type":"input_text","text":"Do X"}]}]}`)
+	e.applyHeaders(req, "token", body)
+	if got := req.Header.Get("X-Initiator"); got != "user" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Initiator = %q, want user (last role is user)", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyHeaders_XInitiator_InputArrayLastFunctionCallOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	e := &GitHubCopilotExecutor{}
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "https://example.com", nil)
+	body := []byte(`{"input":[{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[{"type":"input_text","text":"Use tool"}]},{"type":"function_call","call_id":"c1","name":"Read","arguments":"{}"},{"type":"function_call_output","call_id":"c1","output":"ok"}]}`)
+	e.applyHeaders(req, "token", body)
+	if got := req.Header.Get("X-Initiator"); got != "agent" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Initiator = %q, want agent (last item maps to tool role)", got)
+	}
+}
+
 // --- Tests for x-github-api-version header (Problem M) ---
 
 func TestApplyHeaders_GitHubAPIVersion(t *testing.T) {

internal/runtime/executor/kiro_executor.go

@@ -49,15 +49,8 @@ const (
 	ErrStreamFatal     = "fatal"     // Connection/authentication errors, not recoverable
 	ErrStreamMalformed = "malformed" // Format errors, data cannot be parsed
 
-	// kiroUserAgent matches Amazon Q CLI style for User-Agent header
-	kiroUserAgent = "aws-sdk-rust/1.3.9 os/macos lang/rust/1.87.0"
-	// kiroFullUserAgent is the complete x-amz-user-agent header (Amazon Q CLI style)
-	kiroFullUserAgent = "aws-sdk-rust/1.3.9 ua/2.1 api/ssooidc/1.88.0 os/macos lang/rust/1.87.0 m/E app/AmazonQ-For-CLI"
-
-	// Kiro IDE style headers for IDC auth
-	kiroIDEUserAgent     = "aws-sdk-js/1.0.27 ua/2.1 os/win32#10.0.19044 lang/js md/nodejs#22.21.1 api/codewhispererstreaming#1.0.27 m/E"
-	kiroIDEAmzUserAgent  = "aws-sdk-js/1.0.27"
-	kiroIDEAgentModeVibe = "vibe"
+	// kiroIDEAgentMode is the agent mode header value for Kiro IDE requests
+	kiroIDEAgentMode = "vibe"
 
 	// Socket retry configuration constants
 	// Maximum number of retry attempts for socket/network errors
@@ -87,20 +80,13 @@ var (
 	usageUpdateTimeInterval  = 15 * time.Second // Or every 15 seconds, whichever comes first
 )
 
-// Global FingerprintManager for dynamic User-Agent generation per token
-// Each token gets a unique fingerprint on first use, which is cached for subsequent requests
-var (
-	globalFingerprintManager     *kiroauth.FingerprintManager
-	globalFingerprintManagerOnce sync.Once
-)
-
-// getGlobalFingerprintManager returns the global FingerprintManager instance
-func getGlobalFingerprintManager() *kiroauth.FingerprintManager {
-	globalFingerprintManagerOnce.Do(func() {
-		globalFingerprintManager = kiroauth.NewFingerprintManager()
-		log.Infof("kiro: initialized global FingerprintManager for dynamic UA generation")
-	})
-	return globalFingerprintManager
+// endpointAliases maps user preference values to canonical endpoint names.
+var endpointAliases = map[string]string{
+	"codewhisperer": "codewhisperer",
+	"ide":           "codewhisperer",
+	"amazonq":       "amazonq",
+	"q":             "amazonq",
+	"cli":           "amazonq",
 }
 
 // retryConfig holds configuration for socket retry logic.
@@ -433,87 +419,41 @@ func getKiroEndpointConfigs(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) []kiroEndpointConfig {
 		return kiroEndpointConfigs
 	}
 
-	// Determine API region using shared resolution logic
 	region := resolveKiroAPIRegion(auth)
+	log.Debugf("kiro: using region %s", region)
 
-	// Build endpoint configs for the specified region
-	endpointConfigs := buildKiroEndpointConfigs(region)
-
-	// For IDC auth, use Q endpoint with AI_EDITOR origin
-	// IDC tokens work with Q endpoint using Bearer auth
-	// The difference is only in how tokens are refreshed (OIDC with clientId/clientSecret for IDC)
-	// NOT in how API calls are made - both Social and IDC use the same endpoint/origin
-	if auth.Metadata != nil {
-		authMethod, _ := auth.Metadata["auth_method"].(string)
-		if strings.ToLower(authMethod) == "idc" {
-			log.Debugf("kiro: IDC auth, using Q endpoint (region: %s)", region)
-			return endpointConfigs
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Check for preference
-	var preference string
-	if auth.Metadata != nil {
-		if p, ok := auth.Metadata["preferred_endpoint"].(string); ok {
-			preference = p
-		}
-	}
-	// Check attributes as fallback (e.g. from HTTP headers)
-	if preference == "" && auth.Attributes != nil {
-		preference = auth.Attributes["preferred_endpoint"]
-	}
+	configs := buildKiroEndpointConfigs(region)
 
+	preference := getAuthValue(auth, "preferred_endpoint")
 	if preference == "" {
-		return endpointConfigs
+		return configs
 	}
 
-	preference = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(preference))
+	targetName, ok := endpointAliases[preference]
+	if !ok {
+		return configs
+	}
 
-	// Create new slice to avoid modifying global state
-	var sorted []kiroEndpointConfig
-	var remaining []kiroEndpointConfig
-
-	for _, cfg := range endpointConfigs {
-		name := strings.ToLower(cfg.Name)
-		// Check for matches
-		// CodeWhisperer aliases: codewhisperer, ide
-		// AmazonQ aliases: amazonq, q, cli
-		isMatch := false
-		if (preference == "codewhisperer" || preference == "ide") && name == "codewhisperer" {
-			isMatch = true
-		} else if (preference == "amazonq" || preference == "q" || preference == "cli") && name == "amazonq" {
-			isMatch = true
-		}
-
-		if isMatch {
-			sorted = append(sorted, cfg)
+	var preferred, others []kiroEndpointConfig
+	for _, cfg := range configs {
+		if strings.ToLower(cfg.Name) == targetName {
+			preferred = append(preferred, cfg)
 		} else {
-			remaining = append(remaining, cfg)
+			others = append(others, cfg)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// If preference didn't match anything, return default
-	if len(sorted) == 0 {
-		return endpointConfigs
+	if len(preferred) == 0 {
+		return configs
 	}
-
-	// Combine: preferred first, then others
-	return append(sorted, remaining...)
+	return append(preferred, others...)
 }
 
 // KiroExecutor handles requests to AWS CodeWhisperer (Kiro) API.
 type KiroExecutor struct {
-	cfg       *config.Config
-	refreshMu sync.Mutex // Serializes token refresh operations to prevent race conditions
-}
-
-// isIDCAuth checks if the auth uses IDC (Identity Center) authentication method.
-func isIDCAuth(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) bool {
-	if auth == nil || auth.Metadata == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	authMethod, _ := auth.Metadata["auth_method"].(string)
-	return strings.ToLower(authMethod) == "idc"
+	cfg          *config.Config
+	refreshMu    sync.Mutex // Serializes token refresh operations to prevent race conditions
+	profileArnMu sync.Mutex // Serializes profileArn fetches to prevent concurrent map writes
 }
 
 // buildKiroPayloadForFormat builds the Kiro API payload based on the source format.
@@ -546,27 +486,22 @@ func NewKiroExecutor(cfg *config.Config) *KiroExecutor {
 // Identifier returns the unique identifier for this executor.
 func (e *KiroExecutor) Identifier() string { return "kiro" }
 
-// applyDynamicFingerprint applies token-specific fingerprint headers to the request
-// For IDC auth, uses dynamic fingerprint-based User-Agent
-// For other auth types, uses static Amazon Q CLI style headers
+// applyDynamicFingerprint applies account-specific fingerprint headers to the request.
 func applyDynamicFingerprint(req *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) {
-	if isIDCAuth(auth) {
-		// Get token-specific fingerprint for dynamic UA generation
-		tokenKey := getTokenKey(auth)
-		fp := getGlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint(tokenKey)
+	accountKey := getAccountKey(auth)
+	fp := kiroauth.GlobalFingerprintManager().GetFingerprint(accountKey)
 
-		// Use fingerprint-generated dynamic User-Agent
-		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fp.BuildUserAgent())
-		req.Header.Set("X-Amz-User-Agent", fp.BuildAmzUserAgent())
-		req.Header.Set("x-amzn-kiro-agent-mode", kiroIDEAgentModeVibe)
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fp.BuildUserAgent())
+	req.Header.Set("X-Amz-User-Agent", fp.BuildAmzUserAgent())
+	req.Header.Set("x-amzn-kiro-agent-mode", kiroIDEAgentMode)
+	req.Header.Set("x-amzn-codewhisperer-optout", "true")
 
-		log.Debugf("kiro: using dynamic fingerprint for token %s (SDK:%s, OS:%s/%s, Kiro:%s)",
-			tokenKey[:8]+"...", fp.SDKVersion, fp.OSType, fp.OSVersion, fp.KiroVersion)
-	} else {
-		// Use static Amazon Q CLI style headers for non-IDC auth
-		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", kiroUserAgent)
-		req.Header.Set("X-Amz-User-Agent", kiroFullUserAgent)
+	keyPrefix := accountKey
+	if len(keyPrefix) > 8 {
+		keyPrefix = keyPrefix[:8]
 	}
+	log.Debugf("kiro: using dynamic fingerprint for account %s (SDK:%s, OS:%s/%s, Kiro:%s)",
+		keyPrefix+"...", fp.StreamingSDKVersion, fp.OSType, fp.OSVersion, fp.KiroVersion)
 }
 
 // PrepareRequest prepares the HTTP request before execution.
@@ -609,17 +544,51 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth,
 	return httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 }
 
-// getTokenKey returns a unique key for rate limiting based on auth credentials.
-// Uses auth ID if available, otherwise falls back to a hash of the access token.
-func getTokenKey(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
+// getAccountKey returns a stable account key for fingerprint lookup and rate limiting.
+// Fallback order:
+// 1) client_id / refresh_token (best account identity)
+// 2) auth.ID (stable local auth record)
+// 3) profile_arn (stable AWS profile identity)
+// 4) access_token (least preferred but deterministic)
+// 5) fixed anonymous seed
+func getAccountKey(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
+	var clientID, refreshToken, profileArn string
+	if auth != nil && auth.Metadata != nil {
+		clientID, _ = auth.Metadata["client_id"].(string)
+		refreshToken, _ = auth.Metadata["refresh_token"].(string)
+		profileArn, _ = auth.Metadata["profile_arn"].(string)
+	}
+	if clientID != "" || refreshToken != "" {
+		return kiroauth.GetAccountKey(clientID, refreshToken)
+	}
 	if auth != nil && auth.ID != "" {
-		return auth.ID
+		return kiroauth.GenerateAccountKey(auth.ID)
 	}
-	accessToken, _ := kiroCredentials(auth)
-	if len(accessToken) > 16 {
-		return accessToken[:16]
+	if profileArn != "" {
+		return kiroauth.GenerateAccountKey(profileArn)
 	}
-	return accessToken
+	if accessToken, _ := kiroCredentials(auth); accessToken != "" {
+		return kiroauth.GenerateAccountKey(accessToken)
+	}
+	return kiroauth.GenerateAccountKey("kiro-anonymous")
+}
+
+// getAuthValue looks up a value by key in auth Metadata, then Attributes.
+func getAuthValue(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, key string) string {
+	if auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if auth.Metadata != nil {
+		if v, ok := auth.Metadata[key].(string); ok && v != "" {
+			return strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v))
+		}
+	}
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		if v := auth.Attributes[key]; v != "" {
+			return strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v))
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
 }
 
 // Execute sends the request to Kiro API and returns the response.
@@ -631,7 +600,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 	}
 
 	// Rate limiting: get token key for tracking
-	tokenKey := getTokenKey(auth)
+	tokenKey := getAccountKey(auth)
 	rateLimiter := kiroauth.GetGlobalRateLimiter()
 	cooldownMgr := kiroauth.GetGlobalCooldownManager()
 
@@ -693,6 +662,13 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 
 	kiroModelID := e.mapModelToKiro(req.Model)
 
+	// Fetch profileArn if missing (for imported accounts from Kiro IDE)
+	if profileArn == "" {
+		if fetched := e.fetchAndSaveProfileArn(ctx, auth, accessToken); fetched != "" {
+			profileArn = fetched
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Determine agentic mode and effective profile ARN using helper functions
 	isAgentic, isChatOnly := determineAgenticMode(req.Model)
 	effectiveProfileArn := getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning(auth, profileArn)
@@ -749,7 +725,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) executeWithRetry(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.
 				httpReq.Header.Set("X-Amz-Target", endpointConfig.AmzTarget)
 			}
 			// Kiro-specific headers
-			httpReq.Header.Set("x-amzn-kiro-agent-mode", kiroIDEAgentModeVibe)
+			httpReq.Header.Set("x-amzn-kiro-agent-mode", kiroIDEAgentMode)
 			httpReq.Header.Set("x-amzn-codewhisperer-optout", "true")
 
 			// Apply dynamic fingerprint-based headers
@@ -1060,7 +1036,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	}
 
 	// Rate limiting: get token key for tracking
-	tokenKey := getTokenKey(auth)
+	tokenKey := getAccountKey(auth)
 	rateLimiter := kiroauth.GetGlobalRateLimiter()
 	cooldownMgr := kiroauth.GetGlobalCooldownManager()
 
@@ -1126,6 +1102,13 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 
 	kiroModelID := e.mapModelToKiro(req.Model)
 
+	// Fetch profileArn if missing (for imported accounts from Kiro IDE)
+	if profileArn == "" {
+		if fetched := e.fetchAndSaveProfileArn(ctx, auth, accessToken); fetched != "" {
+			profileArn = fetched
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Determine agentic mode and effective profile ARN using helper functions
 	isAgentic, isChatOnly := determineAgenticMode(req.Model)
 	effectiveProfileArn := getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning(auth, profileArn)
@@ -1185,7 +1168,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) executeStreamWithRetry(ctx context.Context, auth *cliprox
 				httpReq.Header.Set("X-Amz-Target", endpointConfig.AmzTarget)
 			}
 			// Kiro-specific headers
-			httpReq.Header.Set("x-amzn-kiro-agent-mode", kiroIDEAgentModeVibe)
+			httpReq.Header.Set("x-amzn-kiro-agent-mode", kiroIDEAgentMode)
 			httpReq.Header.Set("x-amzn-codewhisperer-optout", "true")
 
 			// Apply dynamic fingerprint-based headers
@@ -1647,62 +1630,23 @@ func determineAgenticMode(model string) (isAgentic, isChatOnly bool) {
 	return isAgentic, isChatOnly
 }
 
-// getEffectiveProfileArn determines if profileArn should be included based on auth method.
-// profileArn is only needed for social auth (Google OAuth), not for AWS SSO OIDC (Builder ID/IDC).
-//
-// Detection logic (matching kiro-openai-gateway):
-// 1. Check auth_method field: "builder-id" or "idc"
-// 2. Check auth_type field: "aws_sso_oidc" (from kiro-cli tokens)
-// 3. Check for client_id + client_secret presence (AWS SSO OIDC signature)
-func getEffectiveProfileArn(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, profileArn string) string {
-	if auth != nil && auth.Metadata != nil {
-		// Check 1: auth_method field (from CLIProxyAPI tokens)
-		if authMethod, ok := auth.Metadata["auth_method"].(string); ok && (authMethod == "builder-id" || authMethod == "idc") {
-			return "" // AWS SSO OIDC - don't include profileArn
-		}
-		// Check 2: auth_type field (from kiro-cli tokens)
-		if authType, ok := auth.Metadata["auth_type"].(string); ok && authType == "aws_sso_oidc" {
-			return "" // AWS SSO OIDC - don't include profileArn
-		}
-		// Check 3: client_id + client_secret presence (AWS SSO OIDC signature)
-		_, hasClientID := auth.Metadata["client_id"].(string)
-		_, hasClientSecret := auth.Metadata["client_secret"].(string)
-		if hasClientID && hasClientSecret {
-			return "" // AWS SSO OIDC - don't include profileArn
-		}
-	}
-	return profileArn
-}
-
-// getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning determines if profileArn should be included based on auth method,
-// and logs a warning if profileArn is missing for non-builder-id auth.
-// This consolidates the auth_method check that was previously done separately.
-//
-// AWS SSO OIDC (Builder ID/IDC) users don't need profileArn - sending it causes 403 errors.
-// Only Kiro Desktop (social auth like Google/GitHub) users need profileArn.
-//
-// Detection logic (matching kiro-openai-gateway):
-// 1. Check auth_method field: "builder-id" or "idc"
-// 2. Check auth_type field: "aws_sso_oidc" (from kiro-cli tokens)
-// 3. Check for client_id + client_secret presence (AWS SSO OIDC signature)
+// getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning suppresses profileArn for builder-id and AWS SSO OIDC auth.
+// Builder-id users (auth_method == "builder-id") and AWS SSO OIDC users (auth_type == "aws_sso_oidc")
+// don't need profileArn — sending it causes 403 errors.
+// For all other auth methods (e.g. social auth), profileArn is returned as-is,
+// with a warning logged if it is empty.
 func getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, profileArn string) string {
 	if auth != nil && auth.Metadata != nil {
-		// Check 1: auth_method field (from CLIProxyAPI tokens)
-		if authMethod, ok := auth.Metadata["auth_method"].(string); ok && (authMethod == "builder-id" || authMethod == "idc") {
-			return "" // AWS SSO OIDC - don't include profileArn
+		// Check 1: auth_method field, skip for builder-id only
+		if authMethod, ok := auth.Metadata["auth_method"].(string); ok && authMethod == "builder-id" {
+			return ""
 		}
 		// Check 2: auth_type field (from kiro-cli tokens)
 		if authType, ok := auth.Metadata["auth_type"].(string); ok && authType == "aws_sso_oidc" {
 			return "" // AWS SSO OIDC - don't include profileArn
 		}
-		// Check 3: client_id + client_secret presence (AWS SSO OIDC signature, like kiro-openai-gateway)
-		_, hasClientID := auth.Metadata["client_id"].(string)
-		_, hasClientSecret := auth.Metadata["client_secret"].(string)
-		if hasClientID && hasClientSecret {
-			return "" // AWS SSO OIDC - don't include profileArn
-		}
 	}
-	// For social auth (Kiro Desktop), profileArn is required
+	// For social auth and IDC, profileArn is required
 	if profileArn == "" {
 		log.Warnf("kiro: profile ARN not found in auth, API calls may fail")
 	}
@@ -2514,7 +2458,6 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) streamToChannel(ctx context.Context, body io.Reader, out
 	reader := bufio.NewReaderSize(body, 20*1024*1024) // 20MB buffer to match other providers
 	var totalUsage usage.Detail
 	var hasToolUses bool          // Track if any tool uses were emitted
-	var hasTruncatedTools bool    // Track if any tool uses were truncated
 	var upstreamStopReason string // Track stop_reason from upstream events
 
 	// Tool use state tracking for input buffering and deduplication
@@ -3342,59 +3285,9 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) streamToChannel(ctx context.Context, body io.Reader, out
 
 			// Emit completed tool uses
 			for _, tu := range completedToolUses {
-				// Check if this tool was truncated - emit with SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED marker
+				// Skip truncated tools - don't emit fake marker tool_use
 				if tu.IsTruncated {
-					hasTruncatedTools = true
-					log.Infof("kiro: streamToChannel emitting truncated tool with SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED: %s (ID: %s)", tu.Name, tu.ToolUseID)
-
-					// Close text block if open
-					if isTextBlockOpen && contentBlockIndex >= 0 {
-						blockStop := kiroclaude.BuildClaudeContentBlockStopEvent(contentBlockIndex)
-						sseData := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(ctx, sdktranslator.FromString("kiro"), targetFormat, model, originalReq, claudeBody, blockStop, &translatorParam)
-						for _, chunk := range sseData {
-							if chunk != "" {
-								out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(chunk + "\n\n")}
-							}
-						}
-						isTextBlockOpen = false
-					}
-
-					contentBlockIndex++
-
-					// Emit tool_use with SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED marker input
-					blockStart := kiroclaude.BuildClaudeContentBlockStartEvent(contentBlockIndex, "tool_use", tu.ToolUseID, tu.Name)
-					sseData := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(ctx, sdktranslator.FromString("kiro"), targetFormat, model, originalReq, claudeBody, blockStart, &translatorParam)
-					for _, chunk := range sseData {
-						if chunk != "" {
-							out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(chunk + "\n\n")}
-						}
-					}
-
-					// Build SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED marker input
-					markerInput := map[string]interface{}{
-						"_status":  "SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED",
-						"_message": "Tool output was truncated. Split content into smaller chunks (max 300 lines). Due to potential model hallucination, you MUST re-fetch the current working directory and generate the correct file_path.",
-					}
-
-					markerJSON, _ := json.Marshal(markerInput)
-					inputDelta := kiroclaude.BuildClaudeInputJsonDeltaEvent(string(markerJSON), contentBlockIndex)
-					sseData = sdktranslator.TranslateStream(ctx, sdktranslator.FromString("kiro"), targetFormat, model, originalReq, claudeBody, inputDelta, &translatorParam)
-					for _, chunk := range sseData {
-						if chunk != "" {
-							out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(chunk + "\n\n")}
-						}
-					}
-
-					// Close tool_use block
-					blockStop := kiroclaude.BuildClaudeContentBlockStopEvent(contentBlockIndex)
-					sseData = sdktranslator.TranslateStream(ctx, sdktranslator.FromString("kiro"), targetFormat, model, originalReq, claudeBody, blockStop, &translatorParam)
-					for _, chunk := range sseData {
-						if chunk != "" {
-							out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(chunk + "\n\n")}
-						}
-					}
-
-					hasToolUses = true // Keep this so stop_reason = tool_use
+					log.Warnf("kiro: streamToChannel skipping truncated tool: %s (ID: %s)", tu.Name, tu.ToolUseID)
 					continue
 				}
 
@@ -3696,12 +3589,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) streamToChannel(ctx context.Context, body io.Reader, out
 	}
 
 	// Determine stop reason: prefer upstream, then detect tool_use, default to end_turn
-	// SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED: Keep stop_reason = "tool_use" so Claude continues the loop
 	stopReason := upstreamStopReason
-	if hasTruncatedTools {
-		// Log that we're using SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED approach
-		log.Infof("kiro: streamToChannel using SOFT_LIMIT_REACHED - keeping stop_reason=tool_use for truncated tools")
-	}
 	if stopReason == "" {
 		if hasToolUses {
 			stopReason = "tool_use"
@@ -3999,6 +3887,51 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) persistRefreshedAuth(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// fetchAndSaveProfileArn fetches profileArn from API if missing, updates auth and persists to file.
+func (e *KiroExecutor) fetchAndSaveProfileArn(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, accessToken string) string {
+	if auth == nil || auth.Metadata == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// Skip for Builder ID - they don't have profiles
+	if authMethod, ok := auth.Metadata["auth_method"].(string); ok && authMethod == "builder-id" {
+		log.Debugf("kiro executor: skipping profileArn fetch for builder-id auth")
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	e.profileArnMu.Lock()
+	defer e.profileArnMu.Unlock()
+
+	// Double-check: another goroutine may have already fetched and saved the profileArn
+	if arn, ok := auth.Metadata["profile_arn"].(string); ok && arn != "" {
+		return arn
+	}
+
+	clientID, _ := auth.Metadata["client_id"].(string)
+	refreshToken, _ := auth.Metadata["refresh_token"].(string)
+
+	ssoClient := kiroauth.NewSSOOIDCClient(e.cfg)
+	profileArn := ssoClient.FetchProfileArn(ctx, accessToken, clientID, refreshToken)
+	if profileArn == "" {
+		log.Debugf("kiro executor: FetchProfileArn returned no profiles")
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	auth.Metadata["profile_arn"] = profileArn
+	if auth.Attributes == nil {
+		auth.Attributes = make(map[string]string)
+	}
+	auth.Attributes["profile_arn"] = profileArn
+
+	if err := e.persistRefreshedAuth(auth); err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("kiro executor: failed to persist profileArn: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		log.Infof("kiro executor: fetched and saved profileArn: %s", profileArn)
+	}
+
+	return profileArn
+}
+
 // reloadAuthFromFile 从文件重新加载 auth 数据（方案 B: Fallback 机制）
 // 当内存中的 token 已过期时，尝试从文件读取最新的 token
 // 这解决了后台刷新器已更新文件但内存中 Auth 对象尚未同步的时间差问题
@@ -4728,7 +4661,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) callKiroAndBuffer(
 	isAgentic, isChatOnly := determineAgenticMode(req.Model)
 	effectiveProfileArn := getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning(auth, profileArn)
 
-	tokenKey := getTokenKey(auth)
+	tokenKey := getAccountKey(auth)
 
 	kiroStream, err := e.executeStreamWithRetry(
 		ctx, auth, req, opts, accessToken, effectiveProfileArn,
@@ -4770,7 +4703,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) callKiroDirectStream(
 	isAgentic, isChatOnly := determineAgenticMode(req.Model)
 	effectiveProfileArn := getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning(auth, profileArn)
 
-	tokenKey := getTokenKey(auth)
+	tokenKey := getAccountKey(auth)
 
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	var streamErr error
@@ -4819,7 +4752,7 @@ func (e *KiroExecutor) executeNonStreamFallback(
 	kiroModelID := e.mapModelToKiro(req.Model)
 	isAgentic, isChatOnly := determineAgenticMode(req.Model)
 	effectiveProfileArn := getEffectiveProfileArnWithWarning(auth, profileArn)
-	tokenKey := getTokenKey(auth)
+	tokenKey := getAccountKey(auth)
 
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	var err error

internal/runtime/executor/kiro_executor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	kiroauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/kiro"
+	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+)
+
+func TestBuildKiroEndpointConfigs(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		region         string
+		expectedURL    string
+		expectedOrigin string
+		expectedName   string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "Empty region - defaults to us-east-1",
+			region:         "",
+			expectedURL:    "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse",
+			expectedOrigin: "AI_EDITOR",
+			expectedName:   "AmazonQ",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "us-east-1",
+			region:         "us-east-1",
+			expectedURL:    "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse",
+			expectedOrigin: "AI_EDITOR",
+			expectedName:   "AmazonQ",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "ap-southeast-1",
+			region:         "ap-southeast-1",
+			expectedURL:    "https://q.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse",
+			expectedOrigin: "AI_EDITOR",
+			expectedName:   "AmazonQ",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "eu-west-1",
+			region:         "eu-west-1",
+			expectedURL:    "https://q.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse",
+			expectedOrigin: "AI_EDITOR",
+			expectedName:   "AmazonQ",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			configs := buildKiroEndpointConfigs(tt.region)
+
+			if len(configs) != 2 {
+				t.Fatalf("expected 2 endpoint configs, got %d", len(configs))
+			}
+
+			// Check primary endpoint (AmazonQ)
+			primary := configs[0]
+			if primary.URL != tt.expectedURL {
+				t.Errorf("primary URL = %q, want %q", primary.URL, tt.expectedURL)
+			}
+			if primary.Origin != tt.expectedOrigin {
+				t.Errorf("primary Origin = %q, want %q", primary.Origin, tt.expectedOrigin)
+			}
+			if primary.Name != tt.expectedName {
+				t.Errorf("primary Name = %q, want %q", primary.Name, tt.expectedName)
+			}
+			if primary.AmzTarget != "" {
+				t.Errorf("primary AmzTarget should be empty, got %q", primary.AmzTarget)
+			}
+
+			// Check fallback endpoint (CodeWhisperer)
+			fallback := configs[1]
+			if fallback.Name != "CodeWhisperer" {
+				t.Errorf("fallback Name = %q, want %q", fallback.Name, "CodeWhisperer")
+			}
+			// CodeWhisperer fallback uses the same region as Q endpoint
+			expectedRegion := tt.region
+			if expectedRegion == "" {
+				expectedRegion = kiroDefaultRegion
+			}
+			expectedFallbackURL := fmt.Sprintf("https://codewhisperer.%s.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse", expectedRegion)
+			if fallback.URL != expectedFallbackURL {
+				t.Errorf("fallback URL = %q, want %q", fallback.URL, expectedFallbackURL)
+			}
+			if fallback.AmzTarget == "" {
+				t.Error("fallback AmzTarget should NOT be empty")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroEndpointConfigs_NilAuth(t *testing.T) {
+	configs := getKiroEndpointConfigs(nil)
+
+	if len(configs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 endpoint configs, got %d", len(configs))
+	}
+
+	// Should return default us-east-1 configs
+	if configs[0].Name != "AmazonQ" {
+		t.Errorf("first config Name = %q, want %q", configs[0].Name, "AmazonQ")
+	}
+	expectedURL := "https://q.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse"
+	if configs[0].URL != expectedURL {
+		t.Errorf("first config URL = %q, want %q", configs[0].URL, expectedURL)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroEndpointConfigs_WithRegionFromProfileArn(t *testing.T) {
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"profile_arn": "arn:aws:codewhisperer:ap-southeast-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+		},
+	}
+
+	configs := getKiroEndpointConfigs(auth)
+
+	if len(configs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 endpoint configs, got %d", len(configs))
+	}
+
+	expectedURL := "https://q.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse"
+	if configs[0].URL != expectedURL {
+		t.Errorf("primary URL = %q, want %q", configs[0].URL, expectedURL)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroEndpointConfigs_WithApiRegionOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"api_region":  "eu-central-1",
+			"profile_arn": "arn:aws:codewhisperer:us-east-1:123456789012:profile/ABC",
+		},
+	}
+
+	configs := getKiroEndpointConfigs(auth)
+
+	// api_region should take precedence over profile_arn
+	expectedURL := "https://q.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/generateAssistantResponse"
+	if configs[0].URL != expectedURL {
+		t.Errorf("primary URL = %q, want %q", configs[0].URL, expectedURL)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroEndpointConfigs_PreferredEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name              string
+		preference        string
+		expectedFirstName string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:              "Prefer codewhisperer",
+			preference:        "codewhisperer",
+			expectedFirstName: "CodeWhisperer",
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "Prefer ide (alias for codewhisperer)",
+			preference:        "ide",
+			expectedFirstName: "CodeWhisperer",
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "Prefer amazonq",
+			preference:        "amazonq",
+			expectedFirstName: "AmazonQ",
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "Prefer q (alias for amazonq)",
+			preference:        "q",
+			expectedFirstName: "AmazonQ",
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "Prefer cli (alias for amazonq)",
+			preference:        "cli",
+			expectedFirstName: "AmazonQ",
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "Unknown preference - no reordering",
+			preference:        "unknown",
+			expectedFirstName: "AmazonQ",
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "Empty preference - no reordering",
+			preference:        "",
+			expectedFirstName: "AmazonQ",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata: map[string]any{
+					"preferred_endpoint": tt.preference,
+				},
+			}
+
+			configs := getKiroEndpointConfigs(auth)
+
+			if configs[0].Name != tt.expectedFirstName {
+				t.Errorf("first endpoint Name = %q, want %q", configs[0].Name, tt.expectedFirstName)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroEndpointConfigs_PreferredEndpointFromAttributes(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that preferred_endpoint can also come from Attributes
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		Metadata:   map[string]any{},
+		Attributes: map[string]string{"preferred_endpoint": "codewhisperer"},
+	}
+
+	configs := getKiroEndpointConfigs(auth)
+
+	if configs[0].Name != "CodeWhisperer" {
+		t.Errorf("first endpoint Name = %q, want %q", configs[0].Name, "CodeWhisperer")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKiroEndpointConfigs_MetadataTakesPrecedenceOverAttributes(t *testing.T) {
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		Metadata:   map[string]any{"preferred_endpoint": "amazonq"},
+		Attributes: map[string]string{"preferred_endpoint": "codewhisperer"},
+	}
+
+	configs := getKiroEndpointConfigs(auth)
+
+	// Metadata should take precedence
+	if configs[0].Name != "AmazonQ" {
+		t.Errorf("first endpoint Name = %q, want %q", configs[0].Name, "AmazonQ")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAuthValue(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		auth     *cliproxyauth.Auth
+		key      string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "From metadata",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata: map[string]any{"test_key": "metadata_value"},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "metadata_value",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "From attributes (fallback)",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"test_key": "attribute_value"},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "attribute_value",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Metadata takes precedence",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata:   map[string]any{"test_key": "metadata_value"},
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"test_key": "attribute_value"},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "metadata_value",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Key not found",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata:   map[string]any{"other_key": "value"},
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"another_key": "value"},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Nil metadata",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"test_key": "attribute_value"},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "attribute_value",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Both nil",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Value is trimmed and lowercased",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata: map[string]any{"test_key": "  UPPER_VALUE  "},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "upper_value",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Empty string value in metadata - falls back to attributes",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata:   map[string]any{"test_key": ""},
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"test_key": "attribute_value"},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "attribute_value",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Non-string value in metadata - falls back to attributes",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata:   map[string]any{"test_key": 123},
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"test_key": "attribute_value"},
+			},
+			key:      "test_key",
+			expected: "attribute_value",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := getAuthValue(tt.auth, tt.key)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("getAuthValue() = %q, want %q", result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAccountKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		auth     *cliproxyauth.Auth
+		checkFn  func(t *testing.T, result string)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "From client_id",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata: map[string]any{
+					"client_id":     "test-client-id-123",
+					"refresh_token": "test-refresh-token-456",
+				},
+			},
+			checkFn: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				expected := kiroauth.GetAccountKey("test-client-id-123", "test-refresh-token-456")
+				if result != expected {
+					t.Errorf("expected %s, got %s", expected, result)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "From refresh_token only",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata: map[string]any{
+					"refresh_token": "test-refresh-token-789",
+				},
+			},
+			checkFn: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				expected := kiroauth.GetAccountKey("", "test-refresh-token-789")
+				if result != expected {
+					t.Errorf("expected %s, got %s", expected, result)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Nil auth",
+			auth: nil,
+			checkFn: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				if len(result) != 16 {
+					t.Errorf("expected 16 char key, got %d chars", len(result))
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Nil metadata",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{},
+			checkFn: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				if len(result) != 16 {
+					t.Errorf("expected 16 char key, got %d chars", len(result))
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Empty metadata",
+			auth: &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+				Metadata: map[string]any{},
+			},
+			checkFn: func(t *testing.T, result string) {
+				if len(result) != 16 {
+					t.Errorf("expected 16 char key, got %d chars", len(result))
+				}
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := getAccountKey(tt.auth)
+			tt.checkFn(t, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEndpointAliases(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify all expected aliases are defined
+	expectedAliases := map[string]string{
+		"codewhisperer": "codewhisperer",
+		"ide":           "codewhisperer",
+		"amazonq":       "amazonq",
+		"q":             "amazonq",
+		"cli":           "amazonq",
+	}
+
+	for alias, target := range expectedAliases {
+		if actual, ok := endpointAliases[alias]; !ok {
+			t.Errorf("missing alias %q", alias)
+		} else if actual != target {
+			t.Errorf("alias %q = %q, want %q", alias, actual, target)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify no unexpected aliases
+	if len(endpointAliases) != len(expectedAliases) {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected number of aliases: got %d, want %d", len(endpointAliases), len(expectedAliases))
+	}
+}

internal/thinking/apply.go

@@ -257,7 +257,10 @@ func applyUserDefinedModel(body []byte, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo, fromForma
 	if suffixResult.HasSuffix {
 		config = parseSuffixToConfig(suffixResult.RawSuffix, toFormat, modelID)
 	} else {
-		config = extractThinkingConfig(body, toFormat)
+		config = extractThinkingConfig(body, fromFormat)
+		if !hasThinkingConfig(config) && fromFormat != toFormat {
+			config = extractThinkingConfig(body, toFormat)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if !hasThinkingConfig(config) {
@@ -293,7 +296,10 @@ func normalizeUserDefinedConfig(config ThinkingConfig, fromFormat, toFormat stri
 	if config.Mode != ModeLevel {
 		return config
 	}
-	if !isBudgetBasedProvider(toFormat) || !isLevelBasedProvider(fromFormat) {
+	if toFormat == "claude" {
+		return config
+	}
+	if !isBudgetCapableProvider(toFormat) {
 		return config
 	}
 	budget, ok := ConvertLevelToBudget(string(config.Level))
@@ -353,6 +359,26 @@ func extractClaudeConfig(body []byte) ThinkingConfig {
 	if thinkingType == "disabled" {
 		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
 	}
+	if thinkingType == "adaptive" || thinkingType == "auto" {
+		// Claude adaptive thinking uses output_config.effort (low/medium/high/max).
+		// We only treat it as a thinking config when effort is explicitly present;
+		// otherwise we passthrough and let upstream defaults apply.
+		if effort := gjson.GetBytes(body, "output_config.effort"); effort.Exists() && effort.Type == gjson.String {
+			value := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effort.String()))
+			if value == "" {
+				return ThinkingConfig{}
+			}
+			switch value {
+			case "none":
+				return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+			case "auto":
+				return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeAuto, Budget: -1}
+			default:
+				return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeLevel, Level: ThinkingLevel(value)}
+			}
+		}
+		return ThinkingConfig{}
+	}
 
 	// Check budget_tokens
 	if budget := gjson.GetBytes(body, "thinking.budget_tokens"); budget.Exists() {

internal/thinking/apply_user_defined_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package thinking_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/claude"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestApplyThinking_UserDefinedClaudePreservesAdaptiveLevel(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	clientID := "test-user-defined-claude-" + t.Name()
+	modelID := "custom-claude-4-6"
+	reg.RegisterClient(clientID, "claude", []*registry.ModelInfo{{ID: modelID, UserDefined: true}})
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		reg.UnregisterClient(clientID)
+	})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		model string
+		body  []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "claude adaptive effort body",
+			model: modelID,
+			body:  []byte(`{"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"},"output_config":{"effort":"high"}}`),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "suffix level",
+			model: modelID + "(high)",
+			body:  []byte(`{}`),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			out, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(tt.body, tt.model, "openai", "claude", "claude")
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("ApplyThinking() error = %v", err)
+			}
+			if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "thinking.type").String(); got != "adaptive" {
+				t.Fatalf("thinking.type = %q, want %q, body=%s", got, "adaptive", string(out))
+			}
+			if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "output_config.effort").String(); got != "high" {
+				t.Fatalf("output_config.effort = %q, want %q, body=%s", got, "high", string(out))
+			}
+			if gjson.GetBytes(out, "thinking.budget_tokens").Exists() {
+				t.Fatalf("thinking.budget_tokens should be removed, body=%s", string(out))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/thinking/convert.go

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ var levelToBudgetMap = map[string]int{
 	"medium":  8192,
 	"high":    24576,
 	"xhigh":   32768,
+	// "max" is used by Claude adaptive thinking effort. We map it to a large budget
+	// and rely on per-model clamping when converting to budget-only providers.
+	"max": 128000,
 }
 
 // ConvertLevelToBudget converts a thinking level to a budget value.
@@ -31,6 +34,7 @@ var levelToBudgetMap = map[string]int{
 //   - medium  → 8192
 //   - high    → 24576
 //   - xhigh   → 32768
+//   - max     → 128000
 //
 // Returns:
 //   - budget: The converted budget value
@@ -92,6 +96,43 @@ func ConvertBudgetToLevel(budget int) (string, bool) {
 	}
 }
 
+// HasLevel reports whether the given target level exists in the levels slice.
+// Matching is case-insensitive with leading/trailing whitespace trimmed.
+func HasLevel(levels []string, target string) bool {
+	for _, level := range levels {
+		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(level), target) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// MapToClaudeEffort maps a generic thinking level string to a Claude adaptive
+// thinking effort value (low/medium/high/max).
+//
+// supportsMax indicates whether the target model supports "max" effort.
+// Returns the mapped effort and true if the level is valid, or ("", false) otherwise.
+func MapToClaudeEffort(level string, supportsMax bool) (string, bool) {
+	level = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(level))
+	switch level {
+	case "":
+		return "", false
+	case "minimal":
+		return "low", true
+	case "low", "medium", "high":
+		return level, true
+	case "xhigh", "max":
+		if supportsMax {
+			return "max", true
+		}
+		return "high", true
+	case "auto":
+		return "high", true
+	default:
+		return "", false
+	}
+}
+
 // ModelCapability describes the thinking format support of a model.
 type ModelCapability int
 

internal/thinking/provider/claude/apply.go

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 // Package claude implements thinking configuration scaffolding for Claude models.
 //
-// Claude models use the thinking.budget_tokens format with values in the range
-// 1024-128000. Some Claude models support ZeroAllowed (sonnet-4-5, opus-4-5),
-// while older models do not.
+// Claude models support two thinking control styles:
+//   - Manual thinking: thinking.type="enabled" with thinking.budget_tokens (token budget)
+//   - Adaptive thinking (Claude 4.6): thinking.type="adaptive" with output_config.effort (low/medium/high/max)
+//
+// Some Claude models support ZeroAllowed (sonnet-4-5, opus-4-5), while older models do not.
 // See: _bmad-output/planning-artifacts/architecture.md#Epic-6
 package claude
 
@@ -34,7 +36,11 @@ func init() {
 //   - Budget clamping to model range
 //   - ZeroAllowed constraint enforcement
 //
-// Apply only processes ModeBudget and ModeNone; other modes are passed through unchanged.
+// Apply processes:
+//   - ModeBudget: manual thinking budget_tokens
+//   - ModeLevel: adaptive thinking effort (Claude 4.6)
+//   - ModeAuto: provider default adaptive/manual behavior
+//   - ModeNone: disabled
 //
 // Expected output format when enabled:
 //
@@ -45,6 +51,17 @@ func init() {
 //	  }
 //	}
 //
+// Expected output format for adaptive:
+//
+//	{
+//	  "thinking": {
+//	    "type": "adaptive"
+//	  },
+//	  "output_config": {
+//	    "effort": "high"
+//	  }
+//	}
+//
 // Expected output format when disabled:
 //
 //	{
@@ -60,30 +77,91 @@ func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	// Only process ModeBudget and ModeNone; other modes pass through
-	// (caller should use ValidateConfig first to normalize modes)
-	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone {
-		return body, nil
-	}
-
 	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
 		body = []byte(`{}`)
 	}
 
-	// Budget is expected to be pre-validated by ValidateConfig (clamped, ZeroAllowed enforced)
-	// Decide enabled/disabled based on budget value
-	if config.Budget == 0 {
+	supportsAdaptive := modelInfo != nil && modelInfo.Thinking != nil && len(modelInfo.Thinking.Levels) > 0
+
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
 		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "disabled")
 		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+		}
 		return result, nil
+
+	case thinking.ModeLevel:
+		// Adaptive thinking effort is only valid when the model advertises discrete levels.
+		// (Claude 4.6 uses output_config.effort.)
+		if supportsAdaptive && config.Level != "" {
+			result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+			result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "output_config.effort", string(config.Level))
+			return result, nil
+		}
+
+		// Fallback for non-adaptive Claude models: convert level to budget_tokens.
+		if budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(string(config.Level)); ok {
+			config.Mode = thinking.ModeBudget
+			config.Budget = budget
+			config.Level = ""
+		} else {
+			return body, nil
+		}
+		fallthrough
+
+	case thinking.ModeBudget:
+		// Budget is expected to be pre-validated by ValidateConfig (clamped, ZeroAllowed enforced).
+		// Decide enabled/disabled based on budget value.
+		if config.Budget == 0 {
+			result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+			if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+				result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+			}
+			return result, nil
+		}
+
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens", config.Budget)
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+		}
+
+		// Ensure max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens (Anthropic API constraint).
+		result = a.normalizeClaudeBudget(result, config.Budget, modelInfo)
+		return result, nil
+
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		// For Claude 4.6 models, auto maps to adaptive thinking with upstream defaults.
+		if supportsAdaptive {
+			result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+			// Explicit effort is optional for adaptive thinking; omit it to allow upstream default.
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+			if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+				result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+			}
+			return result, nil
+		}
+
+		// Legacy fallback: enable thinking without specifying budget_tokens.
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+		}
+		return result, nil
+
+	default:
+		return body, nil
 	}
-
-	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens", config.Budget)
-
-	// Ensure max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens (Anthropic API constraint)
-	result = a.normalizeClaudeBudget(result, config.Budget, modelInfo)
-	return result, nil
 }
 
 // normalizeClaudeBudget applies Claude-specific constraints to ensure max_tokens > budget_tokens.
@@ -141,7 +219,7 @@ func (a *Applier) effectiveMaxTokens(body []byte, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo)
 }
 
 func applyCompatibleClaude(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
-	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto && config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel {
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
@@ -153,14 +231,36 @@ func applyCompatibleClaude(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte,
 	case thinking.ModeNone:
 		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "disabled")
 		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+		}
 		return result, nil
 	case thinking.ModeAuto:
 		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
 		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+		}
+		return result, nil
+	case thinking.ModeLevel:
+		// For user-defined models, interpret ModeLevel as Claude adaptive thinking effort.
+		// Upstream is responsible for validating whether the target model supports it.
+		if config.Level == "" {
+			return body, nil
+		}
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "output_config.effort", string(config.Level))
 		return result, nil
 	default:
 		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
 		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens", config.Budget)
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config.effort")
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+		}
 		return result, nil
 	}
 }

internal/thinking/provider/codex/apply.go

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
 package codex
 
 import (
-	"strings"
-
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *
 	effort := ""
 	support := modelInfo.Thinking
 	if config.Budget == 0 {
-		if support.ZeroAllowed || hasLevel(support.Levels, string(thinking.LevelNone)) {
+		if support.ZeroAllowed || thinking.HasLevel(support.Levels, string(thinking.LevelNone)) {
 			effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
 		}
 	}
@@ -120,12 +118,3 @@ func applyCompatibleCodex(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte,
 	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning.effort", effort)
 	return result, nil
 }
-
-func hasLevel(levels []string, target string) bool {
-	for _, level := range levels {
-		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(level), target) {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}

internal/thinking/provider/kimi/apply.go

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 // Package kimi implements thinking configuration for Kimi (Moonshot AI) models.
 //
-// Kimi models use the OpenAI-compatible reasoning_effort format with discrete levels
-// (low/medium/high). The provider strips any existing thinking config and applies
-// the unified ThinkingConfig in OpenAI format.
+// Kimi models use the OpenAI-compatible reasoning_effort format for enabled thinking
+// levels, but use thinking.type=disabled when thinking is explicitly turned off.
 package kimi
 
 import (
@@ -17,8 +16,8 @@ import (
 // Applier implements thinking.ProviderApplier for Kimi models.
 //
 // Kimi-specific behavior:
-//   - Output format: reasoning_effort (string: low/medium/high)
-//   - Uses OpenAI-compatible format
+//   - Enabled thinking: reasoning_effort (string levels)
+//   - Disabled thinking: thinking.type="disabled"
 //   - Supports budget-to-level conversion
 type Applier struct{}
 
@@ -35,11 +34,19 @@ func init() {
 
 // Apply applies thinking configuration to Kimi request body.
 //
-// Expected output format:
+// Expected output format (enabled):
 //
 //	{
 //	  "reasoning_effort": "high"
 //	}
+//
+// Expected output format (disabled):
+//
+//	{
+//	  "thinking": {
+//	    "type": "disabled"
+//	  }
+//	}
 func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
 	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
 		return applyCompatibleKimi(body, config)
@@ -60,8 +67,13 @@ func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *
 		}
 		effort = string(config.Level)
 	case thinking.ModeNone:
-		// Kimi uses "none" to disable thinking
-		effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
+		// Respect clamped fallback level for models that cannot disable thinking.
+		if config.Level != "" && config.Level != thinking.LevelNone {
+			effort = string(config.Level)
+			break
+		}
+		// Kimi requires explicit disabled thinking object.
+		return applyDisabledThinking(body)
 	case thinking.ModeBudget:
 		// Convert budget to level using threshold mapping
 		level, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(config.Budget)
@@ -79,12 +91,7 @@ func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *
 	if effort == "" {
 		return body, nil
 	}
-
-	result, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", effort)
-	if err != nil {
-		return body, fmt.Errorf("kimi thinking: failed to set reasoning_effort: %w", err)
-	}
-	return result, nil
+	return applyReasoningEffort(body, effort)
 }
 
 // applyCompatibleKimi applies thinking config for user-defined Kimi models.
@@ -101,7 +108,9 @@ func applyCompatibleKimi(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, e
 		}
 		effort = string(config.Level)
 	case thinking.ModeNone:
-		effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
+		if config.Level == "" || config.Level == thinking.LevelNone {
+			return applyDisabledThinking(body)
+		}
 		if config.Level != "" {
 			effort = string(config.Level)
 		}
@@ -118,9 +127,33 @@ func applyCompatibleKimi(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, e
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	result, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", effort)
-	if err != nil {
-		return body, fmt.Errorf("kimi thinking: failed to set reasoning_effort: %w", err)
+	return applyReasoningEffort(body, effort)
+}
+
+func applyReasoningEffort(body []byte, effort string) ([]byte, error) {
+	result, errDeleteThinking := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "thinking")
+	if errDeleteThinking != nil {
+		return body, fmt.Errorf("kimi thinking: failed to clear thinking object: %w", errDeleteThinking)
+	}
+	result, errSetEffort := sjson.SetBytes(result, "reasoning_effort", effort)
+	if errSetEffort != nil {
+		return body, fmt.Errorf("kimi thinking: failed to set reasoning_effort: %w", errSetEffort)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func applyDisabledThinking(body []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	result, errDeleteThinking := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "thinking")
+	if errDeleteThinking != nil {
+		return body, fmt.Errorf("kimi thinking: failed to clear thinking object: %w", errDeleteThinking)
+	}
+	result, errDeleteEffort := sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "reasoning_effort")
+	if errDeleteEffort != nil {
+		return body, fmt.Errorf("kimi thinking: failed to clear reasoning_effort: %w", errDeleteEffort)
+	}
+	result, errSetType := sjson.SetBytes(result, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+	if errSetType != nil {
+		return body, fmt.Errorf("kimi thinking: failed to set thinking.type: %w", errSetType)
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }

internal/thinking/provider/kimi/apply_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package kimi
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestApply_ModeNone_UsesDisabledThinking(t *testing.T) {
+	applier := NewApplier()
+	modelInfo := &registry.ModelInfo{
+		ID:       "kimi-k2.5",
+		Thinking: &registry.ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 32000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true},
+	}
+	body := []byte(`{"model":"kimi-k2.5","reasoning_effort":"none","thinking":{"type":"enabled","budget_tokens":2048}}`)
+
+	out, errApply := applier.Apply(body, thinking.ThinkingConfig{Mode: thinking.ModeNone}, modelInfo)
+	if errApply != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Apply() error = %v", errApply)
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "thinking.type").String(); got != "disabled" {
+		t.Fatalf("thinking.type = %q, want %q, body=%s", got, "disabled", string(out))
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(out, "thinking.budget_tokens").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("thinking.budget_tokens should be removed, body=%s", string(out))
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(out, "reasoning_effort").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("reasoning_effort should be removed in ModeNone, body=%s", string(out))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApply_ModeLevel_UsesReasoningEffort(t *testing.T) {
+	applier := NewApplier()
+	modelInfo := &registry.ModelInfo{
+		ID:       "kimi-k2.5",
+		Thinking: &registry.ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 32000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true},
+	}
+	body := []byte(`{"model":"kimi-k2.5","thinking":{"type":"disabled"}}`)
+
+	out, errApply := applier.Apply(body, thinking.ThinkingConfig{Mode: thinking.ModeLevel, Level: thinking.LevelHigh}, modelInfo)
+	if errApply != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Apply() error = %v", errApply)
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "reasoning_effort").String(); got != "high" {
+		t.Fatalf("reasoning_effort = %q, want %q, body=%s", got, "high", string(out))
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(out, "thinking").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("thinking should be removed when reasoning_effort is used, body=%s", string(out))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApply_UserDefinedModeNone_UsesDisabledThinking(t *testing.T) {
+	applier := NewApplier()
+	modelInfo := &registry.ModelInfo{
+		ID:          "custom-kimi-model",
+		UserDefined: true,
+	}
+	body := []byte(`{"model":"custom-kimi-model","reasoning_effort":"none"}`)
+
+	out, errApply := applier.Apply(body, thinking.ThinkingConfig{Mode: thinking.ModeNone}, modelInfo)
+	if errApply != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Apply() error = %v", errApply)
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "thinking.type").String(); got != "disabled" {
+		t.Fatalf("thinking.type = %q, want %q, body=%s", got, "disabled", string(out))
+	}
+	if gjson.GetBytes(out, "reasoning_effort").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("reasoning_effort should be removed in ModeNone, body=%s", string(out))
+	}
+}

internal/thinking/provider/openai/apply.go

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 package openai
 
 import (
-	"strings"
-
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *
 	effort := ""
 	support := modelInfo.Thinking
 	if config.Budget == 0 {
-		if support.ZeroAllowed || hasLevel(support.Levels, string(thinking.LevelNone)) {
+		if support.ZeroAllowed || thinking.HasLevel(support.Levels, string(thinking.LevelNone)) {
 			effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
 		}
 	}
@@ -117,12 +115,3 @@ func applyCompatibleOpenAI(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte,
 	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 	return result, nil
 }
-
-func hasLevel(levels []string, target string) bool {
-	for _, level := range levels {
-		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(level), target) {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}

internal/thinking/strip.go

@@ -30,13 +30,18 @@ func StripThinkingConfig(body []byte, provider string) []byte {
 	var paths []string
 	switch provider {
 	case "claude":
-		paths = []string{"thinking"}
+		paths = []string{"thinking", "output_config.effort"}
 	case "gemini":
 		paths = []string{"generationConfig.thinkingConfig"}
 	case "gemini-cli", "antigravity":
 		paths = []string{"request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig"}
 	case "openai":
 		paths = []string{"reasoning_effort"}
+	case "kimi":
+		paths = []string{
+			"reasoning_effort",
+			"thinking",
+		}
 	case "codex":
 		paths = []string{"reasoning.effort"}
 	case "iflow":
@@ -54,5 +59,12 @@ func StripThinkingConfig(body []byte, provider string) []byte {
 	for _, path := range paths {
 		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, path)
 	}
+
+	// Avoid leaving an empty output_config object for Claude when effort was the only field.
+	if provider == "claude" {
+		if oc := gjson.GetBytes(result, "output_config"); oc.Exists() && oc.IsObject() && len(oc.Map()) == 0 {
+			result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "output_config")
+		}
+	}
 	return result
 }

internal/thinking/suffix.go

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func ParseSpecialSuffix(rawSuffix string) (mode ThinkingMode, ok bool) {
 // ParseLevelSuffix attempts to parse a raw suffix as a discrete thinking level.
 //
 // This function parses the raw suffix content (from ParseSuffix.RawSuffix) as a level.
-// Only discrete effort levels are valid: minimal, low, medium, high, xhigh.
+// Only discrete effort levels are valid: minimal, low, medium, high, xhigh, max.
 // Level matching is case-insensitive.
 //
 // Special values (none, auto) are NOT handled by this function; use ParseSpecialSuffix
@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@ func ParseLevelSuffix(rawSuffix string) (level ThinkingLevel, ok bool) {
 		return LevelHigh, true
 	case "xhigh":
 		return LevelXHigh, true
+	case "max":
+		return LevelMax, true
 	default:
 		return "", false
 	}

internal/thinking/types.go

@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ const (
 	LevelHigh ThinkingLevel = "high"
 	// LevelXHigh sets extra-high thinking effort
 	LevelXHigh ThinkingLevel = "xhigh"
+	// LevelMax sets maximum thinking effort.
+	// This is currently used by Claude 4.6 adaptive thinking (opus supports "max").
+	LevelMax ThinkingLevel = "max"
 )
 
 // ThinkingConfig represents a unified thinking configuration.

internal/thinking/validate.go

@@ -53,7 +53,17 @@ func ValidateConfig(config ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo, fromFo
 		return &config, nil
 	}
 
-	allowClampUnsupported := isBudgetBasedProvider(fromFormat) && isLevelBasedProvider(toFormat)
+	// allowClampUnsupported determines whether to clamp unsupported levels instead of returning an error.
+	// This applies when crossing provider families (e.g., openai→gemini, claude→gemini) and the target
+	// model supports discrete levels. Same-family conversions require strict validation.
+	toCapability := detectModelCapability(modelInfo)
+	toHasLevelSupport := toCapability == CapabilityLevelOnly || toCapability == CapabilityHybrid
+	allowClampUnsupported := toHasLevelSupport && !isSameProviderFamily(fromFormat, toFormat)
+
+	// strictBudget determines whether to enforce strict budget range validation.
+	// This applies when: (1) config comes from request body (not suffix), (2) source format is known,
+	// and (3) source and target are in the same provider family. Cross-family or suffix-based configs
+	// are clamped instead of rejected to improve interoperability.
 	strictBudget := !fromSuffix && fromFormat != "" && isSameProviderFamily(fromFormat, toFormat)
 	budgetDerivedFromLevel := false
 
@@ -201,7 +211,7 @@ func convertAutoToMidRange(config ThinkingConfig, support *registry.ThinkingSupp
 }
 
 // standardLevelOrder defines the canonical ordering of thinking levels from lowest to highest.
-var standardLevelOrder = []ThinkingLevel{LevelMinimal, LevelLow, LevelMedium, LevelHigh, LevelXHigh}
+var standardLevelOrder = []ThinkingLevel{LevelMinimal, LevelLow, LevelMedium, LevelHigh, LevelXHigh, LevelMax}
 
 // clampLevel clamps the given level to the nearest supported level.
 // On tie, prefers the lower level.
@@ -325,7 +335,9 @@ func normalizeLevels(levels []string) []string {
 	return out
 }
 
-func isBudgetBasedProvider(provider string) bool {
+// isBudgetCapableProvider returns true if the provider supports budget-based thinking.
+// These providers may also support level-based thinking (hybrid models).
+func isBudgetCapableProvider(provider string) bool {
 	switch provider {
 	case "gemini", "gemini-cli", "antigravity", "claude":
 		return true
@@ -334,15 +346,6 @@ func isBudgetBasedProvider(provider string) bool {
 	}
 }
 
-func isLevelBasedProvider(provider string) bool {
-	switch provider {
-	case "openai", "openai-response", "codex":
-		return true
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
 func isGeminiFamily(provider string) bool {
 	switch provider {
 	case "gemini", "gemini-cli", "antigravity":
@@ -352,11 +355,21 @@ func isGeminiFamily(provider string) bool {
 	}
 }
 
+func isOpenAIFamily(provider string) bool {
+	switch provider {
+	case "openai", "openai-response", "codex":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 func isSameProviderFamily(from, to string) bool {
 	if from == to {
 		return true
 	}
-	return isGeminiFamily(from) && isGeminiFamily(to)
+	return (isGeminiFamily(from) && isGeminiFamily(to)) ||
+		(isOpenAIFamily(from) && isOpenAIFamily(to))
 }
 
 func abs(x int) int {

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go

@@ -223,14 +223,65 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.Set(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", responseData)
 							} else if functionResponseResult.IsArray() {
 								frResults := functionResponseResult.Array()
-								if len(frResults) == 1 {
-									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", frResults[0].Raw)
+								nonImageCount := 0
+								lastNonImageRaw := ""
+								filteredJSON := "[]"
+								imagePartsJSON := "[]"
+								for _, fr := range frResults {
+									if fr.Get("type").String() == "image" && fr.Get("source.type").String() == "base64" {
+										inlineDataJSON := `{}`
+										if mimeType := fr.Get("source.media_type").String(); mimeType != "" {
+											inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mimeType", mimeType)
+										}
+										if data := fr.Get("source.data").String(); data != "" {
+											inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "data", data)
+										}
+
+										imagePartJSON := `{}`
+										imagePartJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartJSON, "inlineData", inlineDataJSON)
+										imagePartsJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartsJSON, "-1", imagePartJSON)
+										continue
+									}
+
+									nonImageCount++
+									lastNonImageRaw = fr.Raw
+									filteredJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(filteredJSON, "-1", fr.Raw)
+								}
+
+								if nonImageCount == 1 {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", lastNonImageRaw)
+								} else if nonImageCount > 1 {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", filteredJSON)
 								} else {
-									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.Set(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", "")
+								}
+
+								// Place image data inside functionResponse.parts as inlineData
+								// instead of as sibling parts in the outer content, to avoid
+								// base64 data bloating the text context.
+								if gjson.Get(imagePartsJSON, "#").Int() > 0 {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "parts", imagePartsJSON)
 								}
 
 							} else if functionResponseResult.IsObject() {
-								functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
+								if functionResponseResult.Get("type").String() == "image" && functionResponseResult.Get("source.type").String() == "base64" {
+									inlineDataJSON := `{}`
+									if mimeType := functionResponseResult.Get("source.media_type").String(); mimeType != "" {
+										inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mimeType", mimeType)
+									}
+									if data := functionResponseResult.Get("source.data").String(); data != "" {
+										inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "data", data)
+									}
+
+									imagePartJSON := `{}`
+									imagePartJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartJSON, "inlineData", inlineDataJSON)
+									imagePartsJSON := "[]"
+									imagePartsJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartsJSON, "-1", imagePartJSON)
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "parts", imagePartsJSON)
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.Set(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", "")
+								} else {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
+								}
 							} else if functionResponseResult.Raw != "" {
 								functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
 							} else {
@@ -248,7 +299,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 						if sourceResult.Get("type").String() == "base64" {
 							inlineDataJSON := `{}`
 							if mimeType := sourceResult.Get("media_type").String(); mimeType != "" {
-								inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mime_type", mimeType)
+								inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mimeType", mimeType)
 							}
 							if data := sourceResult.Get("data").String(); data != "" {
 								inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "data", data)
@@ -349,7 +400,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 	hasTools := toolDeclCount > 0
 	thinkingResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking")
 	thinkingType := thinkingResult.Get("type").String()
-	hasThinking := thinkingResult.Exists() && thinkingResult.IsObject() && (thinkingType == "enabled" || thinkingType == "adaptive")
+	hasThinking := thinkingResult.Exists() && thinkingResult.IsObject() && (thinkingType == "enabled" || thinkingType == "adaptive" || thinkingType == "auto")
 	isClaudeThinking := util.IsClaudeThinkingModel(modelName)
 
 	if hasTools && hasThinking && isClaudeThinking {
@@ -380,6 +431,33 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "request.tools", toolsJSON)
 	}
 
+	// tool_choice
+	toolChoiceResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "tool_choice")
+	if toolChoiceResult.Exists() {
+		toolChoiceType := ""
+		toolChoiceName := ""
+		if toolChoiceResult.IsObject() {
+			toolChoiceType = toolChoiceResult.Get("type").String()
+			toolChoiceName = toolChoiceResult.Get("name").String()
+		} else if toolChoiceResult.Type == gjson.String {
+			toolChoiceType = toolChoiceResult.String()
+		}
+
+		switch toolChoiceType {
+		case "auto":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "AUTO")
+		case "none":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "NONE")
+		case "any":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "ANY")
+		case "tool":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "ANY")
+			if toolChoiceName != "" {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames", []string{toolChoiceName})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when type==enabled
 	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); enableThoughtTranslate && t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
 		switch t.Get("type").String() {
@@ -389,10 +467,20 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
-		case "adaptive":
-			// Keep adaptive as a high level sentinel; ApplyThinking resolves it
-			// to model-specific max capability.
-			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+		case "adaptive", "auto":
+			// For adaptive thinking:
+			// - If output_config.effort is explicitly present, pass through as thinkingLevel.
+			// - Otherwise, treat it as "enabled with target-model maximum" and emit high.
+			// ApplyThinking handles clamping to target model's supported levels.
+			effort := ""
+			if v := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "output_config.effort"); v.Exists() && v.Type == gjson.String {
+				effort = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
+			}
+			if effort != "" {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", effort)
+			} else {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+			}
 			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 		}
 	}

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request_test.go

@@ -193,6 +193,42 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolDeclarations(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolChoice_SpecificTool(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "gemini-3-flash-preview",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "text", "text": "hi"}
+				]
+			}
+		],
+		"tools": [
+			{
+				"name": "json",
+				"description": "A JSON tool",
+				"input_schema": {
+					"type": "object",
+					"properties": {}
+				}
+			}
+		],
+		"tool_choice": {"type": "tool", "name": "json"}
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("gemini-3-flash-preview", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if got := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode").String(); got != "ANY" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode 'ANY', got '%s'", got)
+	}
+	allowed := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames").Array()
+	if len(allowed) != 1 || allowed[0].String() != "json" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected allowedFunctionNames ['json'], got %s", gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames").Raw)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolUse(t *testing.T) {
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{
 		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
@@ -413,8 +449,8 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ImageContent(t *testing.T) {
 	if !inlineData.Exists() {
 		t.Error("inlineData should exist")
 	}
-	if inlineData.Get("mime_type").String() != "image/png" {
-		t.Error("mime_type mismatch")
+	if inlineData.Get("mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Error("mimeType mismatch")
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(inlineData.Get("data").String(), "iVBORw0KGgo") {
 		t.Error("data mismatch")
@@ -740,6 +776,429 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultNullContent(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithImage(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with array content containing text + image should place
+	// image data inside functionResponse.parts as inlineData, not as a
+	// sibling part in the outer content (to avoid base64 context bloat).
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "Read-123-456",
+						"content": [
+							{
+								"type": "text",
+								"text": "File content here"
+							},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {
+									"type": "base64",
+									"media_type": "image/png",
+									"data": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUg=="
+								}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	// Image should be inside functionResponse.parts, not as outer sibling part
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// Text content should be in response.result
+	resultText := funcResp.Get("response.result.text").String()
+	if resultText != "File content here" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected response.result.text = 'File content here', got '%s'", resultText)
+	}
+
+	// Image should be in functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData
+	inlineData := funcResp.Get("parts.0.inlineData")
+	if !inlineData.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData should exist")
+	}
+	if inlineData.Get("mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected mimeType 'image/png', got '%s'", inlineData.Get("mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(inlineData.Get("data").String(), "iVBORw0KGgo") {
+		t.Error("data mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// Image should NOT be in outer parts (only functionResponse part should exist)
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts")
+	if outerParts.IsArray() && len(outerParts.Array()) > 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected only 1 outer part (functionResponse), got %d", len(outerParts.Array()))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithSingleImage(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with single image object as content should place
+	// image data inside functionResponse.parts, not as outer sibling part.
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "Read-789-012",
+						"content": {
+							"type": "image",
+							"source": {
+								"type": "base64",
+								"media_type": "image/jpeg",
+								"data": "/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQ=="
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// response.result should be empty (image only)
+	if funcResp.Get("response.result").String() != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected empty response.result for image-only content, got '%s'", funcResp.Get("response.result").String())
+	}
+
+	// Image should be in functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData
+	inlineData := funcResp.Get("parts.0.inlineData")
+	if !inlineData.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData should exist")
+	}
+	if inlineData.Get("mimeType").String() != "image/jpeg" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected mimeType 'image/jpeg', got '%s'", inlineData.Get("mimeType").String())
+	}
+
+	// Image should NOT be in outer parts
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts")
+	if outerParts.IsArray() && len(outerParts.Array()) > 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected only 1 outer part, got %d", len(outerParts.Array()))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithMultipleImagesAndTexts(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with array content: 2 text items + 2 images
+	// All images go into functionResponse.parts, texts into response.result array
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "Multi-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "First text"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/png", "data": "AAAA"}
+							},
+							{"type": "text", "text": "Second text"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/jpeg", "data": "BBBB"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// Multiple text items => response.result is an array
+	resultArr := funcResp.Get("response.result")
+	if !resultArr.IsArray() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected response.result to be an array, got: %s", resultArr.Raw)
+	}
+	results := resultArr.Array()
+	if len(results) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 result items, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	// Both images should be in functionResponse.parts
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 image parts in functionResponse.parts, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected first image mimeType 'image/png', got '%s'", imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "AAAA" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected first image data 'AAAA', got '%s'", imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String())
+	}
+	if imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/jpeg" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected second image mimeType 'image/jpeg', got '%s'", imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "BBBB" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected second image data 'BBBB', got '%s'", imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.data").String())
+	}
+
+	// Only 1 outer part (the functionResponse itself)
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts").Array()
+	if len(outerParts) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 outer part, got %d", len(outerParts))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithOnlyMultipleImages(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with only images (no text) — response.result should be empty string
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "ImgOnly-001",
+						"content": [
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/png", "data": "PNG1"}
+							},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/gif", "data": "GIF1"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// No text => response.result should be empty string
+	if funcResp.Get("response.result").String() != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected empty response.result, got '%s'", funcResp.Get("response.result").String())
+	}
+
+	// Both images in functionResponse.parts
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 image parts, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Error("first image mimeType mismatch")
+	}
+	if imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/gif" {
+		t.Error("second image mimeType mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// Only 1 outer part
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts").Array()
+	if len(outerParts) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 outer part, got %d", len(outerParts))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultImageNotBase64(t *testing.T) {
+	// image with source.type != "base64" should be treated as non-image (falls through)
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "NotB64-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "some output"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "url", "url": "https://example.com/img.png"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// Non-base64 image is treated as non-image, so it goes into the filtered results
+	// along with the text item. Since there are 2 non-image items, result is array.
+	resultArr := funcResp.Get("response.result")
+	if !resultArr.IsArray() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected response.result to be an array (2 non-image items), got: %s", resultArr.Raw)
+	}
+	results := resultArr.Array()
+	if len(results) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 result items, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	// No functionResponse.parts (no base64 images collected)
+	if funcResp.Get("parts").Exists() {
+		t.Error("functionResponse.parts should NOT exist when no base64 images")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultImageMissingData(t *testing.T) {
+	// image with source.type=base64 but missing data field
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "NoData-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "output"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/png"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// The image is still classified as base64 image (type check passes),
+	// but data field is missing => inlineData has mimeType but no data
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 image part, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Error("mimeType should still be set")
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").Exists() {
+		t.Error("data should not exist when source.data is missing")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultImageMissingMediaType(t *testing.T) {
+	// image with source.type=base64 but missing media_type field
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "NoMime-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "output"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "data": "AAAA"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// The image is still classified as base64 image,
+	// but media_type is missing => inlineData has data but no mimeType
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 image part, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").Exists() {
+		t.Error("mimeType should not exist when media_type is missing")
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "AAAA" {
+		t.Error("data should still be set")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolAndThinking_NoExistingSystem(t *testing.T) {
 	// When tools + thinking but no system instruction, should create one with hint
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_response.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/cache"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ func ConvertAntigravityResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalReq
 
 				// Create the tool use block with unique ID and function details
 				data := fmt.Sprintf(`{"type":"content_block_start","index":%d,"content_block":{"type":"tool_use","id":"","name":"","input":{}}}`, params.ResponseIndex)
-				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.id", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&toolUseIDCounter, 1)))
+				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.id", util.SanitizeClaudeToolID(fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&toolUseIDCounter, 1))))
 				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.name", fcName)
 				output = output + fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n\n", data)
 

internal/translator/antigravity/gemini/antigravity_gemini_request_test.go

@@ -93,3 +93,81 @@ func TestConvertGeminiRequestToAntigravity_ParallelFunctionCalls(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestFixCLIToolResponse_PreservesFunctionResponseParts(t *testing.T) {
+	// When functionResponse contains a "parts" field with inlineData (from Claude
+	// translator's image embedding), fixCLIToolResponse should preserve it as-is.
+	// parseFunctionResponseRaw returns response.Raw for valid JSON objects,
+	// so extra fields like "parts" survive the pipeline.
+	input := `{
+		"model": "claude-opus-4-6-thinking",
+		"request": {
+			"contents": [
+				{
+					"role": "model",
+					"parts": [
+						{
+							"functionCall": {"name": "screenshot", "args": {}}
+						}
+					]
+				},
+				{
+					"role": "function",
+					"parts": [
+						{
+							"functionResponse": {
+								"id": "tool-001",
+								"name": "screenshot",
+								"response": {"result": "Screenshot taken"},
+								"parts": [
+									{"inlineData": {"mimeType": "image/png", "data": "iVBOR"}}
+								]
+							}
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			]
+		}
+	}`
+
+	result, err := fixCLIToolResponse(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("fixCLIToolResponse failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Find the function response content (role=function)
+	contents := gjson.Get(result, "request.contents").Array()
+	var funcContent gjson.Result
+	for _, c := range contents {
+		if c.Get("role").String() == "function" {
+			funcContent = c
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !funcContent.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("function role content should exist in output")
+	}
+
+	// The functionResponse should be preserved with its parts field
+	funcResp := funcContent.Get("parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist in output")
+	}
+
+	// Verify the parts field with inlineData is preserved
+	inlineParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(inlineParts) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 inlineData part in functionResponse.parts, got %d", len(inlineParts))
+	}
+	if inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected mimeType 'image/png', got '%s'", inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "iVBOR" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected data 'iVBOR', got '%s'", inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String())
+	}
+
+	// Verify response.result is also preserved
+	if funcResp.Get("response.result").String() != "Screenshot taken" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected response.result 'Screenshot taken', got '%s'", funcResp.Get("response.result").String())
+	}
+}

internal/translator/antigravity/openai/chat-completions/antigravity_openai_request.go

@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 	// Model
 	out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "model", modelName)
 
+	// Let user-provided generationConfig pass through
+	if genConfig := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "generationConfig"); genConfig.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(out, "request.generationConfig", []byte(genConfig.Raw))
+	}
+
 	// Apply thinking configuration: convert OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini CLI thinkingConfig.
 	// Inline translation-only mapping; capability checks happen later in ApplyThinking.
 	re := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "reasoning_effort")
@@ -187,7 +192,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								if len(pieces) == 2 && len(pieces[1]) > 7 {
 									mime := pieces[0]
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
-									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mimeType", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
@@ -201,12 +206,39 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								ext = sp[len(sp)-1]
 							}
 							if mimeType, ok := misc.MimeTypes[ext]; ok {
-								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mimeType)
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mimeType", mimeType)
 								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", fileData)
 								p++
 							} else {
 								log.Warnf("Unknown file name extension '%s' in user message, skip", ext)
 							}
+						case "input_audio":
+							audioData := item.Get("input_audio.data").String()
+							audioFormat := item.Get("input_audio.format").String()
+							if audioData != "" {
+								audioMimeMap := map[string]string{
+									"mp3":       "audio/mpeg",
+									"wav":       "audio/wav",
+									"ogg":       "audio/ogg",
+									"flac":      "audio/flac",
+									"aac":       "audio/aac",
+									"webm":      "audio/webm",
+									"pcm16":     "audio/pcm",
+									"g711_ulaw": "audio/basic",
+									"g711_alaw": "audio/basic",
+								}
+								mimeType := "audio/wav"
+								if audioFormat != "" {
+									if mapped, ok := audioMimeMap[audioFormat]; ok {
+										mimeType = mapped
+									} else {
+										mimeType = "audio/" + audioFormat
+									}
+								}
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mimeType)
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", audioData)
+								p++
+							}
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -235,7 +267,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								if len(pieces) == 2 && len(pieces[1]) > 7 {
 									mime := pieces[0]
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
-									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mimeType", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++

internal/translator/claude/gemini/claude_gemini_request.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
@@ -115,24 +116,47 @@ func ConvertGeminiRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 		// Include thoughts configuration for reasoning process visibility
 		// Translator only does format conversion, ApplyThinking handles model capability validation.
 		if thinkingConfig := genConfig.Get("thinkingConfig"); thinkingConfig.Exists() && thinkingConfig.IsObject() {
+			mi := registry.LookupModelInfo(modelName, "claude")
+			supportsAdaptive := mi != nil && mi.Thinking != nil && len(mi.Thinking.Levels) > 0
+			supportsMax := supportsAdaptive && thinking.HasLevel(mi.Thinking.Levels, string(thinking.LevelMax))
+
+			// MapToClaudeEffort normalizes levels (e.g. minimal→low, xhigh→high) to avoid
+			// validation errors since validate treats same-provider unsupported levels as errors.
 			thinkingLevel := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingLevel")
 			if !thinkingLevel.Exists() {
 				thinkingLevel = thinkingConfig.Get("thinking_level")
 			}
 			if thinkingLevel.Exists() {
 				level := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(thinkingLevel.String()))
-				switch level {
-				case "":
-				case "none":
-					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
-					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
-				case "auto":
-					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
-				default:
-					if budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(level); ok {
+				if supportsAdaptive {
+					switch level {
+					case "":
+					case "none":
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+						out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+						out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "output_config.effort")
+					default:
+						if mapped, ok := thinking.MapToClaudeEffort(level, supportsMax); ok {
+							level = mapped
+						}
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+						out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "output_config.effort", level)
+					}
+				} else {
+					switch level {
+					case "":
+					case "none":
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+						out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					case "auto":
 						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+						out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					default:
+						if budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(level); ok {
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+						}
 					}
 				}
 			} else {
@@ -142,16 +166,35 @@ func ConvertGeminiRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 				}
 				if thinkingBudget.Exists() {
 					budget := int(thinkingBudget.Int())
-					switch budget {
-					case 0:
-						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
-						out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
-					case -1:
-						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-						out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
-					default:
-						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+					if supportsAdaptive {
+						switch budget {
+						case 0:
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+							out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+							out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "output_config.effort")
+						default:
+							level, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(budget)
+							if ok {
+								if mapped, okM := thinking.MapToClaudeEffort(level, supportsMax); okM {
+									level = mapped
+								}
+								out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+								out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+								out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "output_config.effort", level)
+							}
+						}
+					} else {
+						switch budget {
+						case 0:
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+							out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+						case -1:
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+							out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+						default:
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+						}
 					}
 				} else if includeThoughts := thinkingConfig.Get("includeThoughts"); includeThoughts.Exists() && includeThoughts.Type == gjson.True {
 					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")

internal/translator/claude/openai/chat-completions/claude_openai_request.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
@@ -68,17 +69,45 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 	if v := root.Get("reasoning_effort"); v.Exists() {
 		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
 		if effort != "" {
-			budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(effort)
-			if ok {
-				switch budget {
-				case 0:
+			mi := registry.LookupModelInfo(modelName, "claude")
+			supportsAdaptive := mi != nil && mi.Thinking != nil && len(mi.Thinking.Levels) > 0
+			supportsMax := supportsAdaptive && thinking.HasLevel(mi.Thinking.Levels, string(thinking.LevelMax))
+
+			// Claude 4.6 supports adaptive thinking with output_config.effort.
+			// MapToClaudeEffort normalizes levels (e.g. minimal→low, xhigh→high) to avoid
+			// validation errors since validate treats same-provider unsupported levels as errors.
+			if supportsAdaptive {
+				switch effort {
+				case "none":
 					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
-				case -1:
-					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "output_config.effort")
+				case "auto":
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "output_config.effort")
 				default:
-					if budget > 0 {
+					if mapped, ok := thinking.MapToClaudeEffort(effort, supportsMax); ok {
+						effort = mapped
+					}
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "output_config.effort", effort)
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Legacy/manual thinking (budget_tokens).
+				budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(effort)
+				if ok {
+					switch budget {
+					case 0:
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+					case -1:
 						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+					default:
+						if budget > 0 {
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -174,46 +203,9 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 					msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", part)
 				} else if contentResult.Exists() && contentResult.IsArray() {
 					contentResult.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
-						partType := part.Get("type").String()
-
-						switch partType {
-						case "text":
-							textPart := `{"type":"text","text":""}`
-							textPart, _ = sjson.Set(textPart, "text", part.Get("text").String())
-							msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", textPart)
-
-						case "image_url":
-							// Convert OpenAI image format to Claude Code format
-							imageURL := part.Get("image_url.url").String()
-							if strings.HasPrefix(imageURL, "data:") {
-								// Extract base64 data and media type from data URL
-								parts := strings.Split(imageURL, ",")
-								if len(parts) == 2 {
-									mediaTypePart := strings.Split(parts[0], ";")[0]
-									mediaType := strings.TrimPrefix(mediaTypePart, "data:")
-									data := parts[1]
-
-									imagePart := `{"type":"image","source":{"type":"base64","media_type":"","data":""}}`
-									imagePart, _ = sjson.Set(imagePart, "source.media_type", mediaType)
-									imagePart, _ = sjson.Set(imagePart, "source.data", data)
-									msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", imagePart)
-								}
-							}
-
-						case "file":
-							fileData := part.Get("file.file_data").String()
-							if strings.HasPrefix(fileData, "data:") {
-								semicolonIdx := strings.Index(fileData, ";")
-								commaIdx := strings.Index(fileData, ",")
-								if semicolonIdx != -1 && commaIdx != -1 && commaIdx > semicolonIdx {
-									mediaType := strings.TrimPrefix(fileData[:semicolonIdx], "data:")
-									data := fileData[commaIdx+1:]
-									docPart := `{"type":"document","source":{"type":"base64","media_type":"","data":""}}`
-									docPart, _ = sjson.Set(docPart, "source.media_type", mediaType)
-									docPart, _ = sjson.Set(docPart, "source.data", data)
-									msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", docPart)
-								}
-							}
+						claudePart := convertOpenAIContentPartToClaudePart(part)
+						if claudePart != "" {
+							msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", claudePart)
 						}
 						return true
 					})
@@ -262,11 +254,16 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 			case "tool":
 				// Handle tool result messages conversion
 				toolCallID := message.Get("tool_call_id").String()
-				content := message.Get("content").String()
+				toolContentResult := message.Get("content")
 
 				msg := `{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"tool_result","tool_use_id":"","content":""}]}`
 				msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "content.0.tool_use_id", toolCallID)
-				msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "content.0.content", content)
+				toolResultContent, toolResultContentRaw := convertOpenAIToolResultContent(toolContentResult)
+				if toolResultContentRaw {
+					msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.0.content", toolResultContent)
+				} else {
+					msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "content.0.content", toolResultContent)
+				}
 				out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "messages.-1", msg)
 				messageIndex++
 			}
@@ -329,3 +326,110 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 
 	return []byte(out)
 }
+
+func convertOpenAIContentPartToClaudePart(part gjson.Result) string {
+	switch part.Get("type").String() {
+	case "text":
+		textPart := `{"type":"text","text":""}`
+		textPart, _ = sjson.Set(textPart, "text", part.Get("text").String())
+		return textPart
+
+	case "image_url":
+		return convertOpenAIImageURLToClaudePart(part.Get("image_url.url").String())
+
+	case "file":
+		fileData := part.Get("file.file_data").String()
+		if strings.HasPrefix(fileData, "data:") {
+			semicolonIdx := strings.Index(fileData, ";")
+			commaIdx := strings.Index(fileData, ",")
+			if semicolonIdx != -1 && commaIdx != -1 && commaIdx > semicolonIdx {
+				mediaType := strings.TrimPrefix(fileData[:semicolonIdx], "data:")
+				data := fileData[commaIdx+1:]
+				docPart := `{"type":"document","source":{"type":"base64","media_type":"","data":""}}`
+				docPart, _ = sjson.Set(docPart, "source.media_type", mediaType)
+				docPart, _ = sjson.Set(docPart, "source.data", data)
+				return docPart
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+func convertOpenAIImageURLToClaudePart(imageURL string) string {
+	if imageURL == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if strings.HasPrefix(imageURL, "data:") {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(imageURL, ",", 2)
+		if len(parts) != 2 {
+			return ""
+		}
+
+		mediaTypePart := strings.SplitN(parts[0], ";", 2)[0]
+		mediaType := strings.TrimPrefix(mediaTypePart, "data:")
+		if mediaType == "" {
+			mediaType = "application/octet-stream"
+		}
+
+		imagePart := `{"type":"image","source":{"type":"base64","media_type":"","data":""}}`
+		imagePart, _ = sjson.Set(imagePart, "source.media_type", mediaType)
+		imagePart, _ = sjson.Set(imagePart, "source.data", parts[1])
+		return imagePart
+	}
+
+	imagePart := `{"type":"image","source":{"type":"url","url":""}}`
+	imagePart, _ = sjson.Set(imagePart, "source.url", imageURL)
+	return imagePart
+}
+
+func convertOpenAIToolResultContent(content gjson.Result) (string, bool) {
+	if !content.Exists() {
+		return "", false
+	}
+
+	if content.Type == gjson.String {
+		return content.String(), false
+	}
+
+	if content.IsArray() {
+		claudeContent := "[]"
+		partCount := 0
+
+		content.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
+			if part.Type == gjson.String {
+				textPart := `{"type":"text","text":""}`
+				textPart, _ = sjson.Set(textPart, "text", part.String())
+				claudeContent, _ = sjson.SetRaw(claudeContent, "-1", textPart)
+				partCount++
+				return true
+			}
+
+			claudePart := convertOpenAIContentPartToClaudePart(part)
+			if claudePart != "" {
+				claudeContent, _ = sjson.SetRaw(claudeContent, "-1", claudePart)
+				partCount++
+			}
+			return true
+		})
+
+		if partCount > 0 || len(content.Array()) == 0 {
+			return claudeContent, true
+		}
+
+		return content.Raw, false
+	}
+
+	if content.IsObject() {
+		claudePart := convertOpenAIContentPartToClaudePart(content)
+		if claudePart != "" {
+			claudeContent := "[]"
+			claudeContent, _ = sjson.SetRaw(claudeContent, "-1", claudePart)
+			return claudeContent, true
+		}
+		return content.Raw, false
+	}
+
+	return content.Raw, false
+}

internal/translator/claude/openai/chat-completions/claude_openai_request_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+package chat_completions
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude_ToolResultTextAndBase64Image(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := `{
+		"model": "gpt-4.1",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": "",
+				"tool_calls": [
+					{
+						"id": "call_1",
+						"type": "function",
+						"function": {
+							"name": "do_work",
+							"arguments": "{\"a\":1}"
+						}
+					}
+				]
+			},
+			{
+				"role": "tool",
+				"tool_call_id": "call_1",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "text", "text": "tool ok"},
+					{
+						"type": "image_url",
+						"image_url": {
+							"url": "data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUg=="
+						}
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	result := ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude("claude-sonnet-4-5", []byte(inputJSON), false)
+	resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+	messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+
+	if len(messages) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 messages, got %d. Messages: %s", len(messages), resultJSON.Get("messages").Raw)
+	}
+
+	toolResult := messages[1].Get("content.0")
+	if got := toolResult.Get("type").String(); got != "tool_result" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected content[0].type %q, got %q", "tool_result", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolResult.Get("tool_use_id").String(); got != "call_1" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool_use_id %q, got %q", "call_1", got)
+	}
+
+	toolContent := toolResult.Get("content")
+	if !toolContent.IsArray() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool_result content array, got %s", toolContent.Raw)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("0.type").String(); got != "text" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected first tool_result part type %q, got %q", "text", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("0.text").String(); got != "tool ok" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected first tool_result part text %q, got %q", "tool ok", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("1.type").String(); got != "image" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected second tool_result part type %q, got %q", "image", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("1.source.type").String(); got != "base64" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected image source type %q, got %q", "base64", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("1.source.media_type").String(); got != "image/png" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected image media type %q, got %q", "image/png", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("1.source.data").String(); got != "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUg==" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected base64 image data: %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude_ToolResultURLImageOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := `{
+		"model": "gpt-4.1",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": "",
+				"tool_calls": [
+					{
+						"id": "call_1",
+						"type": "function",
+						"function": {
+							"name": "do_work",
+							"arguments": "{\"a\":1}"
+						}
+					}
+				]
+			},
+			{
+				"role": "tool",
+				"tool_call_id": "call_1",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "image_url",
+						"image_url": {
+							"url": "https://example.com/tool.png"
+						}
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	result := ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude("claude-sonnet-4-5", []byte(inputJSON), false)
+	resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+	messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+
+	if len(messages) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 messages, got %d. Messages: %s", len(messages), resultJSON.Get("messages").Raw)
+	}
+
+	toolContent := messages[1].Get("content.0.content")
+	if !toolContent.IsArray() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool_result content array, got %s", toolContent.Raw)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("0.type").String(); got != "image" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool_result part type %q, got %q", "image", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("0.source.type").String(); got != "url" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected image source type %q, got %q", "url", got)
+	}
+	if got := toolContent.Get("0.source.url").String(); got != "https://example.com/tool.png" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected image URL: %q", got)
+	}
+}

internal/translator/claude/openai/responses/claude_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
@@ -56,17 +57,45 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 	if v := root.Get("reasoning.effort"); v.Exists() {
 		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
 		if effort != "" {
-			budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(effort)
-			if ok {
-				switch budget {
-				case 0:
+			mi := registry.LookupModelInfo(modelName, "claude")
+			supportsAdaptive := mi != nil && mi.Thinking != nil && len(mi.Thinking.Levels) > 0
+			supportsMax := supportsAdaptive && thinking.HasLevel(mi.Thinking.Levels, string(thinking.LevelMax))
+
+			// Claude 4.6 supports adaptive thinking with output_config.effort.
+			// MapToClaudeEffort normalizes levels (e.g. minimal→low, xhigh→high) to avoid
+			// validation errors since validate treats same-provider unsupported levels as errors.
+			if supportsAdaptive {
+				switch effort {
+				case "none":
 					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
-				case -1:
-					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "output_config.effort")
+				case "auto":
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "output_config.effort")
 				default:
-					if budget > 0 {
+					if mapped, ok := thinking.MapToClaudeEffort(effort, supportsMax); ok {
+						effort = mapped
+					}
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "adaptive")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "output_config.effort", effort)
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Legacy/manual thinking (budget_tokens).
+				budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(effort)
+				if ok {
+					switch budget {
+					case 0:
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+					case -1:
 						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+					default:
+						if budget > 0 {
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+							out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+						}
 					}
 				}
 			}

internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_request.go

@@ -46,15 +46,23 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	if systemsResult.IsArray() {
 		systemResults := systemsResult.Array()
 		message := `{"type":"message","role":"developer","content":[]}`
+		contentIndex := 0
 		for i := 0; i < len(systemResults); i++ {
 			systemResult := systemResults[i]
 			systemTypeResult := systemResult.Get("type")
 			if systemTypeResult.String() == "text" {
-				message, _ = sjson.Set(message, fmt.Sprintf("content.%d.type", i), "input_text")
-				message, _ = sjson.Set(message, fmt.Sprintf("content.%d.text", i), systemResult.Get("text").String())
+				text := systemResult.Get("text").String()
+				if strings.HasPrefix(text, "x-anthropic-billing-header: ") {
+					continue
+				}
+				message, _ = sjson.Set(message, fmt.Sprintf("content.%d.type", contentIndex), "input_text")
+				message, _ = sjson.Set(message, fmt.Sprintf("content.%d.text", contentIndex), text)
+				contentIndex++
 			}
 		}
-		template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "input.-1", message)
+		if contentIndex > 0 {
+			template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "input.-1", message)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Process messages and transform their contents to appropriate formats.
@@ -152,7 +160,51 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 						flushMessage()
 						functionCallOutputMessage := `{"type":"function_call_output"}`
 						functionCallOutputMessage, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallOutputMessage, "call_id", messageContentResult.Get("tool_use_id").String())
-						functionCallOutputMessage, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallOutputMessage, "output", messageContentResult.Get("content").String())
+
+						contentResult := messageContentResult.Get("content")
+						if contentResult.IsArray() {
+							toolResultContentIndex := 0
+							toolResultContent := `[]`
+							contentResults := contentResult.Array()
+							for k := 0; k < len(contentResults); k++ {
+								toolResultContentType := contentResults[k].Get("type").String()
+								if toolResultContentType == "image" {
+									sourceResult := contentResults[k].Get("source")
+									if sourceResult.Exists() {
+										data := sourceResult.Get("data").String()
+										if data == "" {
+											data = sourceResult.Get("base64").String()
+										}
+										if data != "" {
+											mediaType := sourceResult.Get("media_type").String()
+											if mediaType == "" {
+												mediaType = sourceResult.Get("mime_type").String()
+											}
+											if mediaType == "" {
+												mediaType = "application/octet-stream"
+											}
+											dataURL := fmt.Sprintf("data:%s;base64,%s", mediaType, data)
+
+											toolResultContent, _ = sjson.Set(toolResultContent, fmt.Sprintf("%d.type", toolResultContentIndex), "input_image")
+											toolResultContent, _ = sjson.Set(toolResultContent, fmt.Sprintf("%d.image_url", toolResultContentIndex), dataURL)
+											toolResultContentIndex++
+										}
+									}
+								} else if toolResultContentType == "text" {
+									toolResultContent, _ = sjson.Set(toolResultContent, fmt.Sprintf("%d.type", toolResultContentIndex), "input_text")
+									toolResultContent, _ = sjson.Set(toolResultContent, fmt.Sprintf("%d.text", toolResultContentIndex), contentResults[k].Get("text").String())
+									toolResultContentIndex++
+								}
+							}
+							if toolResultContent != `[]` {
+								functionCallOutputMessage, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionCallOutputMessage, "output", toolResultContent)
+							} else {
+								functionCallOutputMessage, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallOutputMessage, "output", messageContentResult.Get("content").String())
+							}
+						} else {
+							functionCallOutputMessage, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallOutputMessage, "output", messageContentResult.Get("content").String())
+						}
+
 						template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "input.-1", functionCallOutputMessage)
 					}
 				}
@@ -203,6 +255,8 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 			tool, _ = sjson.SetRaw(tool, "parameters", normalizeToolParameters(toolResult.Get("input_schema").Raw))
 			tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "input_schema")
 			tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "parameters.$schema")
+			tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "cache_control")
+			tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "defer_loading")
 			tool, _ = sjson.Set(tool, "strict", false)
 			template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "tools.-1", tool)
 		}
@@ -222,10 +276,18 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 					reasoningEffort = effort
 				}
 			}
-		case "adaptive":
-			// Claude adaptive means "enable with max capacity"; keep it as highest level
-			// and let ApplyThinking normalize per target model capability.
-			reasoningEffort = string(thinking.LevelXHigh)
+		case "adaptive", "auto":
+			// Adaptive thinking can carry an explicit effort in output_config.effort (Claude 4.6).
+			// Pass through directly; ApplyThinking handles clamping to target model's levels.
+			effort := ""
+			if v := rootResult.Get("output_config.effort"); v.Exists() && v.Type == gjson.String {
+				effort = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
+			}
+			if effort != "" {
+				reasoningEffort = effort
+			} else {
+				reasoningEffort = string(thinking.LevelXHigh)
+			}
 		case "disabled":
 			if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(0); ok && effort != "" {
 				reasoningEffort = effort

internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_response.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -22,8 +23,8 @@ var (
 
 // ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams holds parameters for response conversion.
 type ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams struct {
-	HasToolCall              bool
-	BlockIndex               int
+	HasToolCall               bool
+	BlockIndex                int
 	HasReceivedArgumentsDelta bool
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRa
 			(*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).HasReceivedArgumentsDelta = false
 			template = `{"type":"content_block_start","index":0,"content_block":{"type":"tool_use","id":"","name":"","input":{}}}`
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "content_block.id", itemResult.Get("call_id").String())
+			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "content_block.id", util.SanitizeClaudeToolID(itemResult.Get("call_id").String()))
 			{
 				// Restore original tool name if shortened
 				name := itemResult.Get("name").String()
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, original
 				}
 
 				toolBlock := `{"type":"tool_use","id":"","name":"","input":{}}`
-				toolBlock, _ = sjson.Set(toolBlock, "id", item.Get("call_id").String())
+				toolBlock, _ = sjson.Set(toolBlock, "id", util.SanitizeClaudeToolID(item.Get("call_id").String()))
 				toolBlock, _ = sjson.Set(toolBlock, "name", name)
 				inputRaw := "{}"
 				if argsStr := item.Get("arguments").String(); argsStr != "" && gjson.Valid(argsStr) {

internal/translator/codex/openai/chat-completions/codex_openai_response.go

@@ -74,8 +74,13 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAI(_ context.Context, modelName string, originalR
 	}
 
 	// Extract and set the model version.
+	cachedModel := (*param).(*ConvertCliToOpenAIParams).Model
 	if modelResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model"); modelResult.Exists() {
 		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "model", modelResult.String())
+	} else if cachedModel != "" {
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "model", cachedModel)
+	} else if modelName != "" {
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "model", modelName)
 	}
 
 	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "created", (*param).(*ConvertCliToOpenAIParams).CreatedAt)

internal/translator/codex/openai/chat-completions/codex_openai_response_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package chat_completions
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestConvertCodexResponseToOpenAI_StreamSetsModelFromResponseCreated(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	var param any
+
+	modelName := "gpt-5.3-codex"
+
+	out := ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAI(ctx, modelName, nil, nil, []byte(`data: {"type":"response.created","response":{"id":"resp_123","created_at":1700000000,"model":"gpt-5.3-codex"}}`), &param)
+	if len(out) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no output for response.created, got %d chunks", len(out))
+	}
+
+	out = ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAI(ctx, modelName, nil, nil, []byte(`data: {"type":"response.output_text.delta","delta":"hello"}`), &param)
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 chunk, got %d", len(out))
+	}
+
+	gotModel := gjson.Get(out[0], "model").String()
+	if gotModel != modelName {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model %q, got %q", modelName, gotModel)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertCodexResponseToOpenAI_FirstChunkUsesRequestModelName(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	var param any
+
+	modelName := "gpt-5.3-codex"
+
+	out := ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAI(ctx, modelName, nil, nil, []byte(`data: {"type":"response.output_text.delta","delta":"hello"}`), &param)
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 chunk, got %d", len(out))
+	}
+
+	gotModel := gjson.Get(out[0], "model").String()
+	if gotModel != modelName {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model %q, got %q", modelName, gotModel)
+	}
+}

internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -25,7 +25,12 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte,
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "max_completion_tokens")
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "temperature")
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "top_p")
-	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "service_tier")
+	if v := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "service_tier"); v.Exists() {
+		if v.String() != "priority" {
+			rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "service_tier")
+		}
+	}
+
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "truncation")
 	rawJSON = applyResponsesCompactionCompatibility(rawJSON)
 

internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go

@@ -264,18 +264,18 @@ func TestConvertSystemRoleToDeveloper_AssistantRole(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestUserFieldDeletion(t *testing.T) {  
+func TestUserFieldDeletion(t *testing.T) {
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{  
 		"model": "gpt-5.2",  
 		"user": "test-user",  
 		"input": [{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}]  
-	}`)  
-	  
-	output := ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex("gpt-5.2", inputJSON, false)  
-	outputStr := string(output)  
-	  
-	// Verify user field is deleted  
-	userField := gjson.Get(outputStr, "user")  
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex("gpt-5.2", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	// Verify user field is deleted
+	userField := gjson.Get(outputStr, "user")
 	if userField.Exists() {
 		t.Errorf("user field should be deleted, but it was found with value: %s", userField.Raw)
 	}

internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_response.go

@@ -6,24 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
-	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
 
 // ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAIResponses converts OpenAI Chat Completions streaming chunks
 // to OpenAI Responses SSE events (response.*).
 
-func ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context, modelName string, originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON, rawJSON []byte, param *any) []string {
+func ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAIResponses(_ context.Context, _ string, _, _, rawJSON []byte, _ *any) []string {
 	if bytes.HasPrefix(rawJSON, []byte("data:")) {
 		rawJSON = bytes.TrimSpace(rawJSON[5:])
-		if typeResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "type"); typeResult.Exists() {
-			typeStr := typeResult.String()
-			if typeStr == "response.created" || typeStr == "response.in_progress" || typeStr == "response.completed" {
-				if gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "response.instructions").Exists() {
-					instructions := gjson.GetBytes(originalRequestRawJSON, "instructions").String()
-					rawJSON, _ = sjson.SetBytes(rawJSON, "response.instructions", instructions)
-				}
-			}
-		}
 		out := fmt.Sprintf("data: %s", string(rawJSON))
 		return []string{out}
 	}
@@ -32,17 +22,12 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context, modelName string
 
 // ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAIResponsesNonStream builds a single Responses JSON
 // from a non-streaming OpenAI Chat Completions response.
-func ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAIResponsesNonStream(_ context.Context, modelName string, originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON, rawJSON []byte, _ *any) string {
+func ConvertCodexResponseToOpenAIResponsesNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, _, _, rawJSON []byte, _ *any) string {
 	rootResult := gjson.ParseBytes(rawJSON)
 	// Verify this is a response.completed event
 	if rootResult.Get("type").String() != "response.completed" {
 		return ""
 	}
 	responseResult := rootResult.Get("response")
-	template := responseResult.Raw
-	if responseResult.Get("instructions").Exists() {
-		instructions := gjson.GetBytes(originalRequestRawJSON, "instructions").String()
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "instructions", instructions)
-	}
-	return template
+	return responseResult.Raw
 }

internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_request.go

@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool) []
 				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "input_examples")
 				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "type")
 				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "cache_control")
+				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "defer_loading")
 				if gjson.Valid(tool) && gjson.Parse(tool).IsObject() {
 					if !hasTools {
 						out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "request.tools", `[{"functionDeclarations":[]}]`)
@@ -171,7 +172,35 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool) []
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when type==enabled
+	// tool_choice
+	toolChoiceResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "tool_choice")
+	if toolChoiceResult.Exists() {
+		toolChoiceType := ""
+		toolChoiceName := ""
+		if toolChoiceResult.IsObject() {
+			toolChoiceType = toolChoiceResult.Get("type").String()
+			toolChoiceName = toolChoiceResult.Get("name").String()
+		} else if toolChoiceResult.Type == gjson.String {
+			toolChoiceType = toolChoiceResult.String()
+		}
+
+		switch toolChoiceType {
+		case "auto":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "AUTO")
+		case "none":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "NONE")
+		case "any":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "ANY")
+		case "tool":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "ANY")
+			if toolChoiceName != "" {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames", []string{toolChoiceName})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini CLI thinkingConfig when enabled
+	// Translator only does format conversion, ApplyThinking handles model capability validation.
 	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
 		switch t.Get("type").String() {
 		case "enabled":
@@ -180,10 +209,20 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool) []
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
-		case "adaptive":
-			// Keep adaptive as a high level sentinel; ApplyThinking resolves it
-			// to model-specific max capability.
-			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+		case "adaptive", "auto":
+			// For adaptive thinking:
+			// - If output_config.effort is explicitly present, pass through as thinkingLevel.
+			// - Otherwise, treat it as "enabled with target-model maximum" and emit high.
+			// ApplyThinking handles clamping to target model's supported levels.
+			effort := ""
+			if v := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "output_config.effort"); v.Exists() && v.Type == gjson.String {
+				effort = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
+			}
+			if effort != "" {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", effort)
+			} else {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+			}
 			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 		}
 	}

internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_request_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package claude
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToCLI_ToolChoice_SpecificTool(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "gemini-3-flash-preview",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "text", "text": "hi"}
+				]
+			}
+		],
+		"tools": [
+			{
+				"name": "json",
+				"description": "A JSON tool",
+				"input_schema": {
+					"type": "object",
+					"properties": {}
+				}
+			}
+		],
+		"tool_choice": {"type": "tool", "name": "json"}
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToCLI("gemini-3-flash-preview", inputJSON, false)
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(output, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode").String(); got != "ANY" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode 'ANY', got '%s'", got)
+	}
+	allowed := gjson.GetBytes(output, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames").Array()
+	if len(allowed) != 1 || allowed[0].String() != "json" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected allowedFunctionNames ['json'], got %s", gjson.GetBytes(output, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames").Raw)
+	}
+}

internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_response.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ func ConvertGeminiCLIResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalReque
 
 				// Create the tool use block with unique ID and function details
 				data := fmt.Sprintf(`{"type":"content_block_start","index":%d,"content_block":{"type":"tool_use","id":"","name":"","input":{}}}`, (*param).(*Params).ResponseIndex)
-				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.id", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&toolUseIDCounter, 1)))
+				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.id", util.SanitizeClaudeToolID(fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&toolUseIDCounter, 1))))
 				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.name", fcName)
 				output = output + fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n\n", data)
 

internal/translator/gemini-cli/openai/chat-completions/gemini-cli_openai_request.go

@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 	// Model
 	out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "model", modelName)
 
+	// Let user-provided generationConfig pass through
+	if genConfig := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "generationConfig"); genConfig.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(out, "request.generationConfig", []byte(genConfig.Raw))
+	}
+
 	// Apply thinking configuration: convert OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini CLI thinkingConfig.
 	// Inline translation-only mapping; capability checks happen later in ApplyThinking.
 	re := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "reasoning_effort")

internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/translator/gemini/common"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
@@ -84,6 +85,11 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 
 					case "tool_use":
 						functionName := contentResult.Get("name").String()
+						if toolUseID := contentResult.Get("id").String(); toolUseID != "" {
+							if derived := toolNameFromClaudeToolUseID(toolUseID); derived != "" {
+								functionName = derived
+							}
+						}
 						functionArgs := contentResult.Get("input").String()
 						argsResult := gjson.Parse(functionArgs)
 						if argsResult.IsObject() && gjson.Valid(functionArgs) {
@@ -99,10 +105,9 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 						if toolCallID == "" {
 							return true
 						}
-						funcName := toolCallID
-						toolCallIDs := strings.Split(toolCallID, "-")
-						if len(toolCallIDs) > 1 {
-							funcName = strings.Join(toolCallIDs[0:len(toolCallIDs)-1], "-")
+						funcName := toolNameFromClaudeToolUseID(toolCallID)
+						if funcName == "" {
+							funcName = toolCallID
 						}
 						responseData := contentResult.Get("content").Raw
 						part := `{"functionResponse":{"name":"","response":{"result":""}}}`
@@ -136,6 +141,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "input_examples")
 				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "type")
 				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "cache_control")
+				tool, _ = sjson.Delete(tool, "defer_loading")
 				if gjson.Valid(tool) && gjson.Parse(tool).IsObject() {
 					if !hasTools {
 						out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "tools", `[{"functionDeclarations":[]}]`)
@@ -151,7 +157,34 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when enabled
+	// tool_choice
+	toolChoiceResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "tool_choice")
+	if toolChoiceResult.Exists() {
+		toolChoiceType := ""
+		toolChoiceName := ""
+		if toolChoiceResult.IsObject() {
+			toolChoiceType = toolChoiceResult.Get("type").String()
+			toolChoiceName = toolChoiceResult.Get("name").String()
+		} else if toolChoiceResult.Type == gjson.String {
+			toolChoiceType = toolChoiceResult.String()
+		}
+
+		switch toolChoiceType {
+		case "auto":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "AUTO")
+		case "none":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "NONE")
+		case "any":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "ANY")
+		case "tool":
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "ANY")
+			if toolChoiceName != "" {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames", []string{toolChoiceName})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinking config when enabled
 	// Translator only does format conversion, ApplyThinking handles model capability validation.
 	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
 		switch t.Get("type").String() {
@@ -161,10 +194,28 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
-		case "adaptive":
-			// Keep adaptive as a high level sentinel; ApplyThinking resolves it
-			// to model-specific max capability.
-			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+		case "adaptive", "auto":
+			// For adaptive thinking:
+			// - If output_config.effort is explicitly present, pass through as thinkingLevel.
+			// - Otherwise, treat it as "enabled with target-model maximum" and emit thinkingBudget=max.
+			// ApplyThinking handles clamping to target model's supported levels.
+			effort := ""
+			if v := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "output_config.effort"); v.Exists() && v.Type == gjson.String {
+				effort = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
+			}
+			if effort != "" {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", effort)
+			} else {
+				maxBudget := 0
+				if mi := registry.LookupModelInfo(modelName, "gemini"); mi != nil && mi.Thinking != nil {
+					maxBudget = mi.Thinking.Max
+				}
+				if maxBudget > 0 {
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", maxBudget)
+				} else {
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+				}
+			}
 			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 		}
 	}
@@ -183,3 +234,11 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 
 	return result
 }
+
+func toolNameFromClaudeToolUseID(toolUseID string) string {
+	parts := strings.Split(toolUseID, "-")
+	if len(parts) <= 1 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts[0:len(parts)-1], "-")
+}

internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package claude
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToGemini_ToolChoice_SpecificTool(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "gemini-3-flash-preview",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "text", "text": "hi"}
+				]
+			}
+		],
+		"tools": [
+			{
+				"name": "json",
+				"description": "A JSON tool",
+				"input_schema": {
+					"type": "object",
+					"properties": {}
+				}
+			}
+		],
+		"tool_choice": {"type": "tool", "name": "json"}
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini("gemini-3-flash-preview", inputJSON, false)
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(output, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode").String(); got != "ANY" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode 'ANY', got '%s'", got)
+	}
+	allowed := gjson.GetBytes(output, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames").Array()
+	if len(allowed) != 1 || allowed[0].String() != "json" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected allowedFunctionNames ['json'], got %s", gjson.GetBytes(output, "toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.allowedFunctionNames").Raw)
+	}
+}

internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_response.go

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
-	"time"
 
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ type Params struct {
 	ResponseType     int
 	ResponseIndex    int
 	HasContent       bool // Tracks whether any content (text, thinking, or tool use) has been output
+	ToolNameMap      map[string]string
+	SawToolCall      bool
 }
 
 // toolUseIDCounter provides a process-wide unique counter for tool use identifiers.
@@ -53,6 +55,8 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 			HasFirstResponse: false,
 			ResponseType:     0,
 			ResponseIndex:    0,
+			ToolNameMap:      util.ToolNameMapFromClaudeRequest(originalRequestRawJSON),
+			SawToolCall:      false,
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -66,8 +70,6 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 		return []string{}
 	}
 
-	// Track whether tools are being used in this response chunk
-	usedTool := false
 	output := ""
 
 	// Initialize the streaming session with a message_start event
@@ -175,12 +177,13 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 			} else if functionCallResult.Exists() {
 				// Handle function/tool calls from the AI model
 				// This processes tool usage requests and formats them for Claude API compatibility
-				usedTool = true
-				fcName := functionCallResult.Get("name").String()
+				(*param).(*Params).SawToolCall = true
+				upstreamToolName := functionCallResult.Get("name").String()
+				clientToolName := util.MapToolName((*param).(*Params).ToolNameMap, upstreamToolName)
 
 				// FIX: Handle streaming split/delta where name might be empty in subsequent chunks.
 				// If we are already in tool use mode and name is empty, treat as continuation (delta).
-				if (*param).(*Params).ResponseType == 3 && fcName == "" {
+				if (*param).(*Params).ResponseType == 3 && upstreamToolName == "" {
 					if fcArgsResult := functionCallResult.Get("args"); fcArgsResult.Exists() {
 						output = output + "event: content_block_delta\n"
 						data, _ := sjson.Set(fmt.Sprintf(`{"type":"content_block_delta","index":%d,"delta":{"type":"input_json_delta","partial_json":""}}`, (*param).(*Params).ResponseIndex), "delta.partial_json", fcArgsResult.Raw)
@@ -221,8 +224,8 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 
 				// Create the tool use block with unique ID and function details
 				data := fmt.Sprintf(`{"type":"content_block_start","index":%d,"content_block":{"type":"tool_use","id":"","name":"","input":{}}}`, (*param).(*Params).ResponseIndex)
-				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.id", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&toolUseIDCounter, 1)))
-				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.name", fcName)
+				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.id", util.SanitizeClaudeToolID(fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", upstreamToolName, atomic.AddUint64(&toolUseIDCounter, 1))))
+				data, _ = sjson.Set(data, "content_block.name", clientToolName)
 				output = output + fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n\n", data)
 
 				if fcArgsResult := functionCallResult.Get("args"); fcArgsResult.Exists() {
@@ -249,7 +252,7 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 				output = output + `data: `
 
 				template := `{"type":"message_delta","delta":{"stop_reason":"end_turn","stop_sequence":null},"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
-				if usedTool {
+				if (*param).(*Params).SawToolCall {
 					template = `{"type":"message_delta","delta":{"stop_reason":"tool_use","stop_sequence":null},"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
 				} else if finish := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "candidates.0.finishReason"); finish.Exists() && finish.String() == "MAX_TOKENS" {
 					template = `{"type":"message_delta","delta":{"stop_reason":"max_tokens","stop_sequence":null},"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
@@ -278,10 +281,10 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 // Returns:
 //   - string: A Claude-compatible JSON response.
 func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaudeNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON, rawJSON []byte, _ *any) string {
-	_ = originalRequestRawJSON
 	_ = requestRawJSON
 
 	root := gjson.ParseBytes(rawJSON)
+	toolNameMap := util.ToolNameMapFromClaudeRequest(originalRequestRawJSON)
 
 	out := `{"id":"","type":"message","role":"assistant","model":"","content":[],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "id", root.Get("responseId").String())
@@ -336,11 +339,12 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToClaudeNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, origina
 				flushText()
 				hasToolCall = true
 
-				name := functionCall.Get("name").String()
+				upstreamToolName := functionCall.Get("name").String()
+				clientToolName := util.MapToolName(toolNameMap, upstreamToolName)
 				toolIDCounter++
 				toolBlock := `{"type":"tool_use","id":"","name":"","input":{}}`
-				toolBlock, _ = sjson.Set(toolBlock, "id", fmt.Sprintf("tool_%d", toolIDCounter))
-				toolBlock, _ = sjson.Set(toolBlock, "name", name)
+				toolBlock, _ = sjson.Set(toolBlock, "id", util.SanitizeClaudeToolID(fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", upstreamToolName, toolIDCounter)))
+				toolBlock, _ = sjson.Set(toolBlock, "name", clientToolName)
 				inputRaw := "{}"
 				if args := functionCall.Get("args"); args.Exists() && gjson.Valid(args.Raw) && args.IsObject() {
 					inputRaw = args.Raw

internal/translator/gemini/openai/chat-completions/gemini_openai_request.go

@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	// Model
 	out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "model", modelName)
 
+	// Let user-provided generationConfig pass through
+	if genConfig := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "generationConfig"); genConfig.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(out, "generationConfig", []byte(genConfig.Raw))
+	}
+
 	// Apply thinking configuration: convert OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini thinkingConfig.
 	// Inline translation-only mapping; capability checks happen later in ApplyThinking.
 	re := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "reasoning_effort")
@@ -142,21 +147,21 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 			content := m.Get("content")
 
 			if (role == "system" || role == "developer") && len(arr) > 1 {
-				// system -> system_instruction as a user message style
+				// system -> systemInstruction as a user message style
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("system_instruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "systemInstruction.role", "user")
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.String())
 					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsObject() && content.Get("type").String() == "text" {
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("system_instruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.Get("text").String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "systemInstruction.role", "user")
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.Get("text").String())
 					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsArray() {
 					contents := content.Array()
 					if len(contents) > 0 {
-						out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.role", "user")
+						out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "systemInstruction.role", "user")
 						for j := 0; j < len(contents); j++ {
-							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("system_instruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), contents[j].Get("text").String())
+							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), contents[j].Get("text").String())
 							systemPartIndex++
 						}
 					}

internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 	if instructions := root.Get("instructions"); instructions.Exists() {
 		systemInstr := `{"parts":[{"text":""}]}`
 		systemInstr, _ = sjson.Set(systemInstr, "parts.0.text", instructions.String())
-		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "system_instruction", systemInstr)
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "systemInstruction", systemInstr)
 	}
 
 	// Convert input messages to Gemini contents format
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 				if strings.EqualFold(itemRole, "system") {
 					if contentArray := item.Get("content"); contentArray.Exists() {
 						systemInstr := ""
-						if systemInstructionResult := gjson.Get(out, "system_instruction"); systemInstructionResult.Exists() {
+						if systemInstructionResult := gjson.Get(out, "systemInstruction"); systemInstructionResult.Exists() {
 							systemInstr = systemInstructionResult.Raw
 						} else {
 							systemInstr = `{"parts":[]}`
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 						}
 
 						if systemInstr != `{"parts":[]}` {
-							out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "system_instruction", systemInstr)
+							out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "systemInstruction", systemInstr)
 						}
 					}
 					continue
@@ -237,6 +237,33 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 									partJSON, _ = sjson.Set(partJSON, "inline_data.data", data)
 								}
 							}
+						case "input_audio":
+							audioData := contentItem.Get("data").String()
+							audioFormat := contentItem.Get("format").String()
+							if audioData != "" {
+								audioMimeMap := map[string]string{
+									"mp3":       "audio/mpeg",
+									"wav":       "audio/wav",
+									"ogg":       "audio/ogg",
+									"flac":      "audio/flac",
+									"aac":       "audio/aac",
+									"webm":      "audio/webm",
+									"pcm16":     "audio/pcm",
+									"g711_ulaw": "audio/basic",
+									"g711_alaw": "audio/basic",
+								}
+								mimeType := "audio/wav"
+								if audioFormat != "" {
+									if mapped, ok := audioMimeMap[audioFormat]; ok {
+										mimeType = mapped
+									} else {
+										mimeType = "audio/" + audioFormat
+									}
+								}
+								partJSON = `{"inline_data":{"mime_type":"","data":""}}`
+								partJSON, _ = sjson.Set(partJSON, "inline_data.mime_type", mimeType)
+								partJSON, _ = sjson.Set(partJSON, "inline_data.data", audioData)
+							}
 						}
 
 						if partJSON != "" {
@@ -354,22 +381,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 					funcDecl, _ = sjson.Set(funcDecl, "description", desc.String())
 				}
 				if params := tool.Get("parameters"); params.Exists() {
-					// Convert parameter types from OpenAI format to Gemini format
-					cleaned := params.Raw
-					// Convert type values to uppercase for Gemini
-					paramsResult := gjson.Parse(cleaned)
-					if properties := paramsResult.Get("properties"); properties.Exists() {
-						properties.ForEach(func(key, value gjson.Result) bool {
-							if propType := value.Get("type"); propType.Exists() {
-								upperType := strings.ToUpper(propType.String())
-								cleaned, _ = sjson.Set(cleaned, "properties."+key.String()+".type", upperType)
-							}
-							return true
-						})
-					}
-					// Set the overall type to OBJECT
-					cleaned, _ = sjson.Set(cleaned, "type", "OBJECT")
-					funcDecl, _ = sjson.SetRaw(funcDecl, "parametersJsonSchema", cleaned)
+					funcDecl, _ = sjson.SetRaw(funcDecl, "parametersJsonSchema", params.Raw)
 				}
 
 				geminiTools, _ = sjson.SetRaw(geminiTools, "0.functionDeclarations.-1", funcDecl)