refactor: dedupe agent lowercase helpers

src/agents/anthropic-transport-stream.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   type SimpleStreamOptions,
   type ThinkingLevel,
 } from "@mariozechner/pi-ai";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import {
   applyAnthropicPayloadPolicyToParams,
   resolveAnthropicPayloadPolicy,
@@ -154,13 +155,15 @@ function isAnthropicOAuthToken(apiKey: string): boolean {
 }
 
 function toClaudeCodeName(name: string): string {
-  return CLAUDE_CODE_TOOL_LOOKUP.get(name.toLowerCase()) ?? name;
+  return CLAUDE_CODE_TOOL_LOOKUP.get(normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(name)) ?? name;
 }
 
 function fromClaudeCodeName(name: string, tools: Context["tools"] | undefined): string {
   if (tools && tools.length > 0) {
-    const lowerName = name.toLowerCase();
-    const matchedTool = tools.find((tool) => tool.name.toLowerCase() === lowerName);
+    const lowerName = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(name);
+    const matchedTool = tools.find(
+      (tool) => normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(tool.name) === lowerName,
+    );
     if (matchedTool) {
       return matchedTool.name;
     }

src/agents/cli-runner/bundle-mcp.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ import {
   type BundleMcpServerConfig,
 } from "../../plugins/bundle-mcp.js";
 import type { CliBundleMcpMode } from "../../plugins/types.js";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 
 type PreparedCliBundleMcpConfig = {
   backend: CliBackendConfig;
@@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ function normalizeCodexServerConfig(server: BundleMcpServerConfig): Record<strin
         staticHeaders[name] = value;
         continue;
       }
-      if (decoded.bearer && name.toLowerCase() === "authorization") {
+      if (decoded.bearer && normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(name) === "authorization") {
         next.bearer_token_env_var = decoded.envVar;
         continue;
       }

src/agents/cli-runner/helpers.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ import type { CliBackendConfig } from "../../config/types.js";
 import { resolvePreferredOpenClawTmpDir } from "../../infra/tmp-openclaw-dir.js";
 import { MAX_IMAGE_BYTES } from "../../media/constants.js";
 import { extensionForMime } from "../../media/mime.js";
-import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+} from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { buildTtsSystemPromptHint } from "../../tts/tts.js";
 import { buildModelAliasLines } from "../model-alias-lines.js";
 import { resolveDefaultModelForAgent } from "../model-selection.js";
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ export function normalizeCliModel(modelId: string, backend: CliBackendConfig): s
   if (direct) {
     return direct;
   }
-  const lower = trimmed.toLowerCase();
+  const lower = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed);
   const mapped = backend.modelAliases?.[lower];
   if (mapped) {
     return mapped;

src/agents/live-cache-regression-runner.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import type { AssistantMessage, Message, Tool } from "@mariozechner/pi-ai";
 import { Type } from "@sinclair/typebox";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import {
   LIVE_CACHE_REGRESSION_BASELINE,
   type LiveCacheFloor,
@@ -217,8 +218,10 @@ async function completeCacheProbe(params: {
     timeoutMs,
   );
   const text = extractAssistantText(response);
+  const responseTextLower = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(text);
+  const suffixLower = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(params.suffix);
   assert(
-    text.toLowerCase().includes(params.suffix.toLowerCase()),
+    responseTextLower.includes(suffixLower),
     `expected response to contain ${params.suffix}, got ${JSON.stringify(text)}`,
   );
   const usage = normalizeCacheUsage(response.usage);

src/agents/live-target-matcher.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { resolveOwningPluginIdsForProvider } from "../plugins/providers.js";
-import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+} from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { normalizeProviderId } from "./provider-id.js";
 
 type ModelTarget = {
@@ -33,14 +36,11 @@ function parseModelTarget(raw: string): ModelTarget | null {
   if (slash === -1) {
     return {
       raw: trimmed,
-      modelId: trimmed.toLowerCase(),
+      modelId: normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed),
     };
   }
   const provider = normalizeProviderId(trimmed.slice(0, slash));
-  const modelId = trimmed
-    .slice(slash + 1)
-    .trim()
-    .toLowerCase();
+  const modelId = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed.slice(slash + 1));
   if (!provider || !modelId) {
     return null;
   }

src/agents/model-auth.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   shouldDeferProviderSyntheticProfileAuthWithPlugin,
 } from "../plugins/provider-runtime.js";
 import { resolveOwningPluginIdsForProvider } from "../plugins/providers.js";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { normalizeOptionalSecretInput } from "../utils/normalize-secret-input.js";
 import {
   type AuthProfileStore,
@@ -717,7 +718,7 @@ export function applyAuthHeaderOverride<T extends Model<Api>>(
   const headers: Record<string, string> = {};
   if (model.headers) {
     for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(model.headers)) {
-      if (key.toLowerCase() !== "authorization") {
+      if (normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(key) !== "authorization") {
         headers[key] = value;
       }
     }

src/agents/model-selection.ts

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ export function inferUniqueProviderFromConfiguredModels(params: {
       if (!parsed) {
         continue;
       }
-      if (parsed.model === model || parsed.model.toLowerCase() === normalized) {
+      if (parsed.model === model || normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(parsed.model) === normalized) {
         addProvider(parsed.provider);
         if (providers.size > 1) {
           return undefined;
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ export function inferUniqueProviderFromConfiguredModels(params: {
         if (!modelId) {
           continue;
         }
-        if (modelId === model || modelId.toLowerCase() === normalized) {
+        if (modelId === model || normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(modelId) === normalized) {
           addProvider(providerId);
         }
       }

src/agents/openai-ws-stream.ts

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import {
   encodeAssistantTextSignature,
   normalizeAssistantPhase,
 } from "../shared/chat-message-content.js";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { resolveOpenAIStrictToolSetting } from "./openai-tool-schema.js";
 import {
   getOpenAIWebSocketErrorDetails,
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@ function isOpenAIApiBaseUrl(baseUrl?: string): boolean {
     const url = new URL(trimmed);
     return (
       url.protocol === "https:" &&
-      url.hostname.toLowerCase() === "api.openai.com" &&
+      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(url.hostname) === "api.openai.com" &&
       /^\/v1\/?$/u.test(url.pathname)
     );
   } catch {
@@ -369,7 +370,7 @@ function isAzureOpenAIBaseUrl(baseUrl?: string): boolean {
     return false;
   }
   try {
-    return new URL(trimmed).hostname.toLowerCase().endsWith(".openai.azure.com");
+    return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(new URL(trimmed).hostname).endsWith(".openai.azure.com");
   } catch {
     return false;
   }

src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/errors.ts

@@ -671,13 +671,15 @@ function isProvider(provider: string | undefined, match: string): boolean {
 
 function isAnthropicGenericUnknownError(raw: string, provider?: string): boolean {
   return (
-    isProvider(provider, "anthropic") && raw.toLowerCase().includes("an unknown error occurred")
+    isProvider(provider, "anthropic") &&
+    (normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(raw)?.includes("an unknown error occurred") ?? false)
   );
 }
 
 function isOpenRouterProviderReturnedError(raw: string, provider?: string): boolean {
   return (
-    isProvider(provider, "openrouter") && raw.toLowerCase().includes("provider returned error")
+    isProvider(provider, "openrouter") &&
+    (normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(raw)?.includes("provider returned error") ?? false)
   );
 }
 

src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/history.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { AgentMessage } from "@mariozechner/pi-agent-core";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { normalizeProviderId } from "../provider-id.js";
 
 const THREAD_SUFFIX_REGEX = /^(.*)(?::(?:thread|topic):\d+)$/i;
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ export function getHistoryLimitFromSessionKey(
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  const kind = providerParts[1]?.toLowerCase();
+  const kind = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(providerParts[1]);
   const userIdRaw = providerParts.slice(2).join(":");
   const userId = stripThreadSuffix(userIdRaw);
 

src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/openai-stream-wrappers.ts

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ function normalizeOpenAIServiceTier(value: unknown): OpenAIServiceTier | undefin
   if (typeof value !== "string") {
     return undefined;
   }
-  const normalized = readStringValue(value)?.toLowerCase();
+  const normalized = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(value);
   if (
     normalized === "auto" ||
     normalized === "default" ||
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ function normalizeOpenAITextVerbosity(value: unknown): OpenAITextVerbosity | und
   if (typeof value !== "string") {
     return undefined;
   }
-  const normalized = readStringValue(value)?.toLowerCase();
+  const normalized = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(value);
   if (normalized === "low" || normalized === "medium" || normalized === "high") {
     return normalized;
   }

src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/run/attempt.tool-call-normalization.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { AgentMessage, StreamFn } from "@mariozechner/pi-agent-core";
 import { streamSimple } from "@mariozechner/pi-ai";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { validateAnthropicTurns, validateGeminiTurns } from "../../pi-embedded-helpers.js";
 import { sanitizeToolUseResultPairing } from "../../session-transcript-repair.js";
 import { normalizeToolName } from "../../tool-policy.js";
@@ -12,10 +13,10 @@ function resolveCaseInsensitiveAllowedToolName(
   if (!allowedToolNames || allowedToolNames.size === 0) {
     return null;
   }
-  const folded = rawName.toLowerCase();
+  const folded = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(rawName);
   let caseInsensitiveMatch: string | null = null;
   for (const name of allowedToolNames) {
-    if (name.toLowerCase() !== folded) {
+    if (normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(name) !== folded) {
       continue;
     }
     if (caseInsensitiveMatch && caseInsensitiveMatch !== name) {

src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/run/payloads.ts

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const RECOVERABLE_TOOL_ERROR_KEYWORDS = [
 ] as const;
 
 function isRecoverableToolError(error: string | undefined): boolean {
-  const errorLower = (error ?? "").toLowerCase();
+  const errorLower = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(error) ?? "";
   return RECOVERABLE_TOOL_ERROR_KEYWORDS.some((keyword) => errorLower.includes(keyword));
 }
 

src/agents/pi-tools.schema.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { ModelCompatConfig } from "../config/types.models.js";
 import { stripUnsupportedSchemaKeywords } from "../plugin-sdk/provider-tools.js";
 import { resolveUnsupportedToolSchemaKeywords } from "../plugins/provider-model-compat.js";
 import { copyPluginToolMeta } from "../plugins/tools.js";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { copyChannelAgentToolMeta } from "./channel-tools.js";
 import type { AnyAgentTool } from "./pi-tools.types.js";
 import { cleanSchemaForGemini } from "./schema/clean-for-gemini.js";
@@ -145,10 +146,10 @@ export function normalizeToolParameterSchema(
   // - xAI rejects validation-constraint keywords (minLength, maxLength, etc.) outright.
   //
   // Normalize once here so callers can always pass `tools` through unchanged.
+  const normalizedProvider = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(options?.modelProvider);
   const isGeminiProvider =
-    options?.modelProvider?.toLowerCase().includes("google") ||
-    options?.modelProvider?.toLowerCase().includes("gemini");
-  const isAnthropicProvider = options?.modelProvider?.toLowerCase().includes("anthropic");
+    normalizedProvider.includes("google") || normalizedProvider.includes("gemini");
+  const isAnthropicProvider = normalizedProvider.includes("anthropic");
   const unsupportedToolSchemaKeywords = resolveUnsupportedToolSchemaKeywords(options?.modelCompat);
 
   function applyProviderCleaning(s: unknown): unknown {

src/agents/session-transcript-repair.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import type { AgentMessage } from "@mariozechner/pi-agent-core";
-import { normalizeOptionalString, readStringValue } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+  readStringValue,
+} from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { extractToolCallsFromAssistant, extractToolResultId } from "./tool-call-id.js";
 
 const TOOL_CALL_NAME_MAX_CHARS = 64;
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ function normalizeAllowedToolNames(allowedToolNames?: Iterable<string>): Set<str
     }
     const trimmed = name.trim();
     if (trimmed) {
-      normalized.add(trimmed.toLowerCase());
+      normalized.add(normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed));
     }
   }
   return normalized.size > 0 ? normalized : null;
@@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ function hasToolCallName(block: RawToolCallBlock, allowedToolNames: Set<string>
   if (!allowedToolNames) {
     return true;
   }
-  return allowedToolNames.has(trimmed.toLowerCase());
+  return allowedToolNames.has(normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed));
 }
 
 function redactSessionsSpawnAttachmentsArgs(value: unknown): unknown {
@@ -103,7 +107,7 @@ function sanitizeToolCallBlock(block: RawToolCallBlock): RawToolCallBlock {
   const normalizedName = hasTrimmedName ? trimmedName : undefined;
   const nameChanged = hasTrimmedName && rawName !== trimmedName;
 
-  const isSessionsSpawn = normalizedName?.toLowerCase() === "sessions_spawn";
+  const isSessionsSpawn = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalizedName) === "sessions_spawn";
 
   if (!isSessionsSpawn) {
     if (!nameChanged) {
@@ -264,7 +268,7 @@ export function repairToolCallInputs(
             typeof (block as { name?: unknown }).name === "string"
               ? (block as { name: string }).name.trim()
               : undefined;
-          if (blockName?.toLowerCase() === "sessions_spawn") {
+          if (normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(blockName) === "sessions_spawn") {
             const sanitized = sanitizeToolCallBlock(block);
             if (sanitized !== block) {
               changed = true;

src/agents/subagent-list.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { resolveStorePath } from "../config/sessions/paths.js";
 import { loadSessionStore } from "../config/sessions/store-load.js";
 import type { SessionEntry } from "../config/sessions/types.js";
 import { parseAgentSessionKey, type ParsedAgentSessionKey } from "../routing/session-key.js";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import {
   formatDurationCompact,
   formatTokenUsageDisplay,
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@ export function buildSubagentList(params: {
     const runtime = formatDurationCompact(runtimeMs) ?? "n/a";
     const label = truncateLine(resolveSubagentLabel(entry), 48);
     const task = truncateLine(entry.task.trim(), params.taskMaxChars ?? 72);
-    const line = `${index}. ${label} (${resolveModelDisplay(sessionEntry, entry.model)}, ${runtime}${usageText ? `, ${usageText}` : ""}) ${status}${task.toLowerCase() !== label.toLowerCase() ? ` - ${task}` : ""}`;
+    const line = `${index}. ${label} (${resolveModelDisplay(sessionEntry, entry.model)}, ${runtime}${usageText ? `, ${usageText}` : ""}) ${status}${normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(task) !== normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(label) ? ` - ${task}` : ""}`;
     const view: SubagentListItem = {
       index,
       line,

src/agents/subagent-registry-helpers.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   type SessionEntry,
 } from "../config/sessions.js";
 import { defaultRuntime } from "../runtime.js";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { type SubagentRunOutcome } from "./subagent-announce.js";
 import { SUBAGENT_ENDED_REASON_ERROR } from "./subagent-lifecycle-events.js";
 import { runOutcomesEqual } from "./subagent-registry-completion.js";
@@ -76,9 +77,9 @@ function findSessionEntryByKey(store: Record<string, SessionEntry>, sessionKey:
   if (direct) {
     return direct;
   }
-  const normalized = sessionKey.toLowerCase();
+  const normalized = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(sessionKey);
   for (const [key, entry] of Object.entries(store)) {
-    if (key.toLowerCase() === normalized) {
+    if (normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(key) === normalized) {
       return entry;
     }
   }

src/agents/tools-effective-inventory.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { getPluginToolMeta } from "../plugins/tools.js";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { resolveAgentDir, resolveAgentWorkspaceDir, resolveSessionAgentId } from "./agent-scope.js";
 import { getChannelAgentToolMeta } from "./channel-tools.js";
 import { resolveModel } from "./pi-embedded-runner/model.js";
@@ -63,7 +64,10 @@ export type ResolveEffectiveToolInventoryParams = {
 
 function resolveEffectiveToolLabel(tool: AnyAgentTool): string {
   const rawLabel = typeof tool.label === "string" ? tool.label.trim() : "";
-  if (rawLabel && rawLabel.toLowerCase() !== tool.name.toLowerCase()) {
+  if (
+    rawLabel &&
+    normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(rawLabel) !== normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(tool.name)
+  ) {
     return rawLabel;
   }
   return resolveToolDisplay({ name: tool.name }).title;

src/agents/tools/nodes-utils.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { parseNodeList, parsePairingList } from "../../shared/node-list-parse.js";
 import type { NodeListNode } from "../../shared/node-list-types.js";
 import { resolveNodeFromNodeList, resolveNodeIdFromNodeList } from "../../shared/node-resolve.js";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { callGatewayTool, type GatewayCallOptions } from "./gateway.js";
 
 export type { NodeListNode };
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ async function loadNodes(opts: GatewayCallOptions): Promise<NodeListNode[]> {
 
 function isLocalMacNode(node: NodeListNode): boolean {
   return (
-    node.platform?.toLowerCase().startsWith("mac") === true &&
+    normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(node.platform)?.startsWith("mac") === true &&
     typeof node.nodeId === "string" &&
     node.nodeId.startsWith("mac-")
   );

src/agents/tools/pdf-tool.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ import { Type } from "@sinclair/typebox";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
 import { extractPdfContent, type PdfExtractedContent } from "../../media/pdf-extract.js";
 import { loadWebMediaRaw } from "../../media/web-media.js";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { resolveUserPath } from "../../utils.js";
 import { type ImageModelConfig } from "./image-tool.helpers.js";
 import {
@@ -393,7 +396,7 @@ export function createPdfTool(options?: {
 
         if (media.kind !== "document") {
           // Check MIME type more specifically
-          const ct = (media.contentType ?? "").toLowerCase();
+          const ct = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(media.contentType);
           if (!ct.includes("pdf") && !ct.includes("application/pdf")) {
             throw new Error(`Expected PDF but got ${media.contentType ?? media.kind}: ${pdfRaw}`);
           }

src/agents/tools/session-status-tool.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   resolveAgentIdFromSessionKey,
 } from "../../routing/session-key.js";
 import { applyModelOverrideToSessionEntry } from "../../sessions/model-overrides.js";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { buildTaskStatusSnapshotForRelatedSessionKeyForOwner } from "../../tasks/task-owner-access.js";
 import { formatTaskStatusDetail, formatTaskStatusTitle } from "../../tasks/task-status.js";
 import { loadModelCatalog } from "../model-catalog.js";
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ async function resolveModelOverride(params: {
   if (!raw) {
     return { kind: "reset" };
   }
-  if (raw.toLowerCase() === "default") {
+  if (normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(raw) === "default") {
     return { kind: "reset" };
   }
 

src/agents/tools/web-fetch-visibility.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
+
 // CSS property values that indicate an element is hidden
 const HIDDEN_STYLE_PATTERNS: Array<[string, RegExp]> = [
   ["display", /^\s*none\s*$/i],
@@ -94,7 +96,10 @@ function shouldRemoveElement(element: Element): boolean {
   }
 
   // input type=hidden
-  if (tagName === "input" && element.getAttribute("type")?.toLowerCase() === "hidden") {
+  if (
+    tagName === "input" &&
+    normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(element.getAttribute("type")) === "hidden"
+  ) {
     return true;
   }
 

src/agents/tools/web-fetch.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import { SsrFBlockedError, type LookupFn } from "../../infra/net/ssrf.js";
 import { logDebug } from "../../logger.js";
 import type { RuntimeWebFetchMetadata } from "../../secrets/runtime-web-tools.types.js";
 import { wrapExternalContent, wrapWebContent } from "../../security/external-content.js";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { isRecord } from "../../utils.js";
 import { resolveWebFetchDefinition } from "../../web-fetch/runtime.js";
 import { resolveWebProviderConfig } from "../../web/provider-runtime-shared.js";
@@ -141,7 +144,7 @@ function formatWebFetchErrorDetail(params: {
     return "";
   }
   let text = detail;
-  const contentTypeLower = contentType?.toLowerCase();
+  const contentTypeLower = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(contentType);
   if (contentTypeLower?.includes("text/html") || looksLikeHtml(detail)) {
     const rendered = htmlToMarkdown(detail);
     const withTitle = rendered.title ? `${rendered.title}\n${rendered.text}` : rendered.text;

src/agents/tools/web-search-provider-common.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
 import { normalizeResolvedSecretInputString } from "../../config/types.secrets.js";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { normalizeSecretInput } from "../../utils/normalize-secret-input.js";
 import { withTrustedWebToolsEndpoint } from "./web-guarded-fetch.js";
 import {
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ export function normalizeFreshness(
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  const lower = trimmed.toLowerCase();
+  const lower = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed);
   if (BRAVE_FRESHNESS_SHORTCUTS.has(lower)) {
     return provider === "brave" ? lower : FRESHNESS_TO_RECENCY[lower];
   }

src/agents/transcript-policy.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { shouldPreserveThinkingBlocks } from "../plugins/provider-replay-helpers.js";
 import { resolveProviderRuntimePlugin } from "../plugins/provider-runtime.js";
 import type { ProviderReplayPolicy, ProviderRuntimeModel } from "../plugins/types.js";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { normalizeProviderId } from "./model-selection.js";
 import { isGoogleModelApi } from "./pi-embedded-helpers/google.js";
 import type { ToolCallIdMode } from "./tool-call-id.js";
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ function buildUnownedProviderTransportReplayFallback(params: {
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  const modelId = params.modelId?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+  const modelId = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(params.modelId);
   return {
     ...(isGoogle || isAnthropic ? { sanitizeMode: "full" as const } : {}),
     ...(isGoogle || isAnthropic || requiresOpenAiCompatibleToolIdSanitization

src/agents/workspace.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { openBoundaryFile } from "../infra/boundary-file-read.js";
 import { resolveRequiredHomeDir } from "../infra/home-dir.js";
 import { runCommandWithTimeout } from "../process/exec.js";
 import { isCronSessionKey, isSubagentSessionKey } from "../routing/session-key.js";
-import { readStringValue } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString, readStringValue } from "../shared/string-coerce.js";
 import { resolveUserPath } from "../utils.js";
 import { resolveWorkspaceTemplateDir } from "./workspace-templates.js";
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export function resolveDefaultAgentWorkspaceDir(
 ): string {
   const home = resolveRequiredHomeDir(env, homedir);
   const profile = env.OPENCLAW_PROFILE?.trim();
-  if (profile && profile.toLowerCase() !== "default") {
+  if (profile && normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(profile) !== "default") {
     return path.join(home, ".openclaw", `workspace-${profile}`);
   }
   return path.join(home, ".openclaw", "workspace");