refactor: dedupe telegram matrix lowercase helpers

extensions/matrix/src/actions.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { Type } from "@sinclair/typebox";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { extractToolSend } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/tool-send";
 import { requiresExplicitMatrixDefaultAccount } from "./account-selection.js";
 import { resolveDefaultMatrixAccountId, resolveMatrixAccount } from "./matrix/accounts.js";
@@ -287,13 +288,11 @@ export const matrixMessageActions: ChannelMessageActionAdapter = {
     }
 
     if (action === "permissions") {
-      const operation = (
+      const operation = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(
         readStringParam(params, "operation") ??
-        readStringParam(params, "mode") ??
-        "verification-list"
-      )
-        .trim()
-        .toLowerCase();
+          readStringParam(params, "mode") ??
+          "verification-list",
+      );
       const operationToAction: Record<string, string> = {
         "encryption-status": "encryptionStatus",
         "verification-status": "verificationStatus",

extensions/matrix/src/approval-native.ts

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function normalizeComparableTarget(value: string): string {
   if (target.kind === "user") {
     return `user:${normalizeMatrixUserId(target.id)}`;
   }
-  return `${target.kind.toLowerCase()}:${target.id}`;
+  return `${normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(target.kind)}:${target.id}`;
 }
 
 function resolveMatrixNativeTarget(raw: string): string | null {

extensions/matrix/src/channel.ts

@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@ import {
   createDefaultChannelRuntimeState,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/status-helpers";
 import { chunkTextForOutbound } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-chunking";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { matrixMessageActions } from "./actions.js";
 import { matrixApprovalCapability } from "./approval-native.js";
 import { createMatrixPairingText, createMatrixProbeAccount } from "./channel-account-paths.js";
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ const listMatrixDirectoryPeersFromConfig =
       if (!raw || raw === "*") {
         return null;
       }
-      const lowered = raw.toLowerCase();
+      const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(raw);
       const cleaned = lowered.startsWith("user:") ? raw.slice("user:".length).trim() : raw;
       return cleaned.startsWith("@") ? `user:${cleaned}` : cleaned;
     },
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ const listMatrixDirectoryGroupsFromConfig =
       if (!raw || raw === "*") {
         return null;
       }
-      const lowered = raw.toLowerCase();
+      const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(raw);
       if (lowered.startsWith("room:") || lowered.startsWith("channel:")) {
         return raw;
       }

extensions/matrix/src/directory-live.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { resolveMatrixAuth } from "./matrix/client.js";
 import { MatrixAuthedHttpClient } from "./matrix/sdk/http-client.js";
 import { isMatrixQualifiedUserId, normalizeMatrixMessagingTarget } from "./matrix/target-ids.js";
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ async function resolveMatrixDirectoryContext(params: MatrixDirectoryLiveParams):
     auth,
     client: createMatrixDirectoryClient(auth),
     query,
-    queryLower: query.toLowerCase(),
+    queryLower: normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(query),
   };
 }
 
@@ -217,7 +220,7 @@ export async function listMatrixDirectoryGroupsLive(
 
   for (const roomId of rooms) {
     const name = await fetchMatrixRoomName(client, roomId);
-    if (!name || !name.toLowerCase().includes(queryLower)) {
+    if (!name || !normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(name).includes(queryLower)) {
       continue;
     }
     results.push({

extensions/matrix/src/env-vars.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { normalizeAccountId, normalizeOptionalAccountId } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/account-id";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 const MATRIX_SCOPED_ENV_SUFFIXES = [
   "HOMESERVER",
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ function decodeMatrixEnvAccountToken(token: string): string | undefined {
     if (!char || !/[A-Z0-9]/.test(char)) {
       return undefined;
     }
-    decoded += char.toLowerCase();
+    decoded += normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(char);
     index += 1;
   }
   const normalized = normalizeOptionalAccountId(decoded);

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/errors.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 export function formatMatrixErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
   return formatErrorMessage(err);
 }
 
 export function formatMatrixErrorReason(err: unknown): string {
-  return formatMatrixErrorMessage(err).toLowerCase();
+  return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(formatMatrixErrorMessage(err));
 }
 
 export function isMatrixNotFoundError(err: unknown): boolean {

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/format.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import MarkdownIt from "markdown-it";
-import { isAutoLinkedFileRef } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  isAutoLinkedFileRef,
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import type { MatrixClient } from "./sdk.js";
 import { isMatrixQualifiedUserId } from "./target-ids.js";
 
@@ -147,7 +150,7 @@ function buildMentionCandidate(raw: string, start: number): MatrixMentionCandida
   if (!normalized) {
     return null;
   }
-  const kind = normalized.raw.toLowerCase() === "@room" ? "room" : "user";
+  const kind = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalized.raw) === "@room" ? "room" : "user";
   const base: MatrixMentionCandidate = {
     raw: normalized.raw,
     start,

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/allowlist.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   type AllowlistMatch,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/allow-from";
 import { normalizeStringEntries } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-normalization-runtime";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 function normalizeAllowList(list?: Array<string | number>) {
   return normalizeStringEntries(list);
@@ -14,19 +15,19 @@ function normalizeMatrixUser(raw?: string | null): string {
     return "";
   }
   if (!value.startsWith("@") || !value.includes(":")) {
-    return value.toLowerCase();
+    return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(value);
   }
   const withoutAt = value.slice(1);
   const splitIndex = withoutAt.indexOf(":");
   if (splitIndex === -1) {
-    return value.toLowerCase();
+    return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(value);
   }
-  const localpart = withoutAt.slice(0, splitIndex).toLowerCase();
-  const server = withoutAt.slice(splitIndex + 1).toLowerCase();
+  const localpart = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(withoutAt.slice(0, splitIndex));
+  const server = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(withoutAt.slice(splitIndex + 1));
   if (!server) {
-    return value.toLowerCase();
+    return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(value);
   }
-  return `@${localpart}:${server.toLowerCase()}`;
+  return `@${localpart}:${server}`;
 }
 
 export function normalizeMatrixUserId(raw?: string | null): string {
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ export function normalizeMatrixUserId(raw?: string | null): string {
   if (!trimmed) {
     return "";
   }
-  const lowered = trimmed.toLowerCase();
+  const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed);
   if (lowered.startsWith("matrix:")) {
     return normalizeMatrixUser(trimmed.slice("matrix:".length));
   }
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ function normalizeMatrixAllowListEntry(raw: string): string {
   if (trimmed === "*") {
     return trimmed;
   }
-  const lowered = trimmed.toLowerCase();
+  const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed);
   if (lowered.startsWith("matrix:")) {
     return `matrix:${normalizeMatrixUser(trimmed.slice("matrix:".length))}`;
   }

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/mentions.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { getMatrixRuntime } from "../../runtime.js";
 import type { RoomMessageEventContent } from "./types.js";
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ function decodeNumericHtmlEntity(match: string, rawValue: string, radix: 10 | 16
 
 function decodeHtmlEntities(value: string): string {
   return value.replace(/&(#x?[0-9a-f]+|\w+);/gi, (match, entity: string) => {
-    const normalized = entity.toLowerCase();
+    const normalized = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(entity);
     if (normalized.startsWith("#x")) {
       return decodeNumericHtmlEntity(match, normalized.slice(2), 16);
     }
@@ -38,12 +39,11 @@ function decodeHtmlEntities(value: string): string {
 }
 
 function normalizeVisibleMentionText(value: string): string {
-  return decodeHtmlEntities(
-    value.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, " ").replace(/[\u200b-\u200f\u202a-\u202e\u2060-\u206f]/g, ""),
-  )
-    .replace(/\s+/g, " ")
-    .trim()
-    .toLowerCase();
+  return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(
+    decodeHtmlEntities(
+      value.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, " ").replace(/[\u200b-\u200f\u202a-\u202e\u2060-\u206f]/g, ""),
+    ).replace(/\s+/g, " "),
+  );
 }
 
 function extractVisibleMentionText(value?: string): string {

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/replies.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { getMatrixRuntime } from "../../runtime.js";
 import type { MatrixClient } from "../sdk.js";
 import { chunkMatrixText, sendMessageMatrix } from "../send.js";
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ function shouldSuppressReasoningReplyText(text?: string): boolean {
   if (!trimmedStart) {
     return false;
   }
-  if (trimmedStart.toLowerCase().startsWith("reasoning:")) {
+  if (normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmedStart).startsWith("reasoning:")) {
     return true;
   }
   THINKING_TAG_RE.lastIndex = 0;

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/route.ts

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function resolveMatrixDmSessionKey(params: {
       kind: "channel",
       id: params.roomId,
     },
-  }).toLowerCase();
+  });
 }
 
 function shouldApplyMatrixPerRoomDmSessionScope(params: {

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/profile.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import type { MatrixClient } from "./sdk.js";
 
 export const MATRIX_PROFILE_AVATAR_MAX_BYTES = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -24,11 +27,11 @@ export type MatrixProfileSyncResult = {
 };
 
 export function isMatrixMxcUri(value: string): boolean {
-  return normalizeOptionalString(value)?.toLowerCase().startsWith("mxc://") ?? false;
+  return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalizeOptionalString(value)).startsWith("mxc://");
 }
 
 export function isMatrixHttpAvatarUri(value: string): boolean {
-  const normalized = normalizeOptionalString(value)?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+  const normalized = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalizeOptionalString(value));
   return normalized.startsWith("https://") || normalized.startsWith("http://");
 }
 

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/send/targets.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { normalizeOptionalStringifiedId } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalStringifiedId,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { inspectMatrixDirectRooms, persistMatrixDirectRoomMapping } from "../direct-management.js";
 import { isStrictDirectRoom } from "../direct-room.js";
 import type { MatrixClient } from "../sdk.js";
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ async function resolveDirectRoomId(client: MatrixClient, userId: string): Promis
 
 export async function resolveMatrixRoomId(client: MatrixClient, raw: string): Promise<string> {
   const target = normalizeMatrixResolvableTarget(normalizeTarget(raw));
-  const lowered = target.toLowerCase();
+  const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(target);
   if (lowered.startsWith("user:")) {
     return await resolveDirectRoomId(client, target.slice("user:".length));
   }

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/target-ids.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+
 type MatrixTarget = { kind: "room"; id: string } | { kind: "user"; id: string };
 const MATRIX_PREFIX = "matrix:";
 const ROOM_PREFIX = "room:";
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ const USER_PREFIX = "user:";
 function stripKnownPrefixes(raw: string, prefixes: readonly string[]): string {
   let normalized = raw.trim();
   while (normalized) {
-    const lowered = normalized.toLowerCase();
+    const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalized);
     const matched = prefixes.find((prefix) => lowered.startsWith(prefix));
     if (!matched) {
       return normalized;
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ export function resolveMatrixTargetIdentity(raw: string): MatrixTarget | null {
   if (!normalized) {
     return null;
   }
-  const lowered = normalized.toLowerCase();
+  const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalized);
   if (lowered.startsWith(USER_PREFIX)) {
     const id = normalized.slice(USER_PREFIX.length).trim();
     return id ? { kind: "user", id } : null;
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ export function normalizeMatrixDirectoryGroupId(raw: string): string | undefined
   if (!normalized || normalized === "*") {
     return undefined;
   }
-  const lowered = normalized.toLowerCase();
+  const lowered = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalized);
   if (lowered.startsWith(ROOM_PREFIX) || lowered.startsWith(CHANNEL_PREFIX)) {
     return normalized;
   }

extensions/matrix/src/onboarding.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   type ChannelSetupWizardAdapter,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/setup";
 import { isPrivateNetworkOptInEnabled } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { requiresExplicitMatrixDefaultAccount } from "./account-selection.js";
 import { listMatrixDirectoryGroupsLive } from "./directory-live.js";
 import {
@@ -360,7 +361,9 @@ async function configureMatrixAccessPrompts(params: {
               limit: 10,
             });
             const exact = matches.find(
-              (match) => (match.name ?? "").toLowerCase() === trimmed.toLowerCase(),
+              (match) =>
+                normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(match.name) ===
+                normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed),
             );
             const best = exact ?? matches[0];
             if (best?.id) {

extensions/matrix/src/storage-paths.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID, normalizeAccountId } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/account-id";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 export function sanitizeMatrixPathSegment(value: string): string {
-  const cleaned = value
-    .trim()
-    .toLowerCase()
+  const cleaned = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(value)
     .replace(/[^a-z0-9._-]+/g, "_")
     .replace(/^_+|_+$/g, "");
   return cleaned || "unknown";

extensions/matrix/src/tool-actions.ts

@@ -81,10 +81,9 @@ function readRoomId(params: Record<string, unknown>, required = true): string {
 }
 
 function toSnakeCaseKey(key: string): string {
-  return key
-    .replace(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/g, "$1_$2")
-    .replace(/([a-z0-9])([A-Z])/g, "$1_$2")
-    .toLowerCase();
+  return normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(
+    key.replace(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/g, "$1_$2").replace(/([a-z0-9])([A-Z])/g, "$1_$2"),
+  )!;
 }
 
 function readRawParam(params: Record<string, unknown>, key: string): unknown {

extensions/telegram/src/action-threading.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { parseTelegramTarget } from "./targets.js";
 
 export function resolveTelegramAutoThreadId(params: {
@@ -13,7 +14,10 @@ export function resolveTelegramAutoThreadId(params: {
     return undefined;
   }
   const parsedChannel = parseTelegramTarget(context.currentChannelId);
-  if (parsedTo.chatId.toLowerCase() !== parsedChannel.chatId.toLowerCase()) {
+  if (
+    normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(parsedTo.chatId) !==
+    normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(parsedChannel.chatId)
+  ) {
     return undefined;
   }
   return context.currentThreadTs;

extensions/telegram/src/bot-message-context.body.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import {
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/reply-history";
 import type { MsgContext } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/reply-runtime";
 import { logVerbose } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import type { NormalizedAllowFrom } from "./bot-access.js";
 import { isSenderAllowed } from "./bot-access.js";
 import type {
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ export async function resolveTelegramInboundBody(params: {
     historyLimit,
     logger,
   } = params;
-  const botUsername = primaryCtx.me?.username?.toLowerCase();
+  const botUsername = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(primaryCtx.me?.username);
   const mentionRegexes = buildMentionRegexes(cfg, routeAgentId);
   const messageTextParts = getTelegramTextParts(msg);
   const allowForCommands = isGroup ? effectiveGroupAllow : effectiveDmAllow;

extensions/telegram/src/bot-message-context.session.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
 import type { ResolvedAgentRoute } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/routing";
 import { logVerbose, shouldLogVerbose } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { evaluateSupplementalContextVisibility } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/security-runtime";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import type { NormalizedAllowFrom } from "./bot-access.js";
 import { isSenderAllowed, normalizeAllowFrom } from "./bot-access.js";
 import type {
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ export async function buildTelegramInboundContextPayload(params: {
     topicConfig,
   });
   const commandBody = normalizeCommandBody(rawBody, {
-    botUsername: primaryCtx.me?.username?.toLowerCase(),
+    botUsername: normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(primaryCtx.me?.username),
   });
   const inboundHistory =
     isGroup && historyKey && historyLimit > 0

extensions/telegram/src/bot-native-commands.ts

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import { getRuntimeConfigSnapshot } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-config-sna
 import { danger, logVerbose } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { getChildLogger } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { resolveTelegramAccount } from "./accounts.js";
 import { withTelegramApiErrorLogging } from "./api-logging.js";
 import { isSenderAllowed, normalizeDmAllowFromWithStore } from "./bot-access.js";
@@ -506,7 +507,7 @@ export const registerTelegramNativeCommands = ({
     listNativeCommandSpecs().map((command) => normalizeTelegramCommandName(command.name)),
   );
   for (const command of skillCommands) {
-    reservedCommands.add(command.name.toLowerCase());
+    reservedCommands.add(normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(command.name));
   }
   const customResolution = resolveTelegramCustomCommands({
     commands: telegramCfg.customCommands,
@@ -524,7 +525,7 @@ export const registerTelegramNativeCommands = ({
     [
       ...nativeCommands.map((command) => normalizeTelegramCommandName(command.name)),
       ...customCommands.map((command) => command.command),
-    ].map((command) => command.toLowerCase()),
+    ].map((command) => normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(command)),
   );
   const pluginCatalog = buildPluginTelegramMenuCommands({
     specs: pluginCommandSpecs,

extensions/telegram/src/bot.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ import { danger, logVerbose, shouldLogVerbose } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtim
 import { getChildLogger } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { createNonExitingRuntime, type RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { resolveTelegramAccount } from "./accounts.js";
 import { defaultTelegramBotDeps, type TelegramBotDeps } from "./bot-deps.js";
 import { registerTelegramHandlers } from "./bot-handlers.js";
@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ function extractTelegramApiMethod(input: TelegramFetchInput): string | null {
     const pathname = new URL(url).pathname;
     const segments = pathname.split("/").filter(Boolean);
     const method = segments.length > 0 ? (segments.at(-1) ?? null) : null;
-    return method?.toLowerCase() ?? null;
+    return normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(method) ?? null;
   } catch {
     return null;
   }

extensions/telegram/src/bot/body-helpers.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import type { Chat, Message, MessageOrigin, User } from "@grammyjs/types";
 import type { NormalizedLocation } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-inbound";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 type TelegramMediaMessage = Pick<
   Message,
@@ -123,8 +126,8 @@ function hasStandaloneTelegramMention(text: string, mention: string): boolean {
 
 export function hasBotMention(msg: Message, botUsername: string) {
   const { text, entities } = getTelegramTextParts(msg);
-  const mention = `@${botUsername}`.toLowerCase();
-  if (hasStandaloneTelegramMention(text.toLowerCase(), mention)) {
+  const mention = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(`@${botUsername}`);
+  if (hasStandaloneTelegramMention(normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(text), mention)) {
     return true;
   }
   for (const ent of entities) {
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ export function hasBotMention(msg: Message, botUsername: string) {
       continue;
     }
     const slice = text.slice(ent.offset, ent.offset + ent.length);
-    if (slice.toLowerCase() === mention) {
+    if (normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(slice) === mention) {
       return true;
     }
   }

extensions/telegram/src/conversation-route.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   sanitizeAgentId,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/routing";
 import { logVerbose } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import {
   buildTelegramGroupPeerId,
   buildTelegramParentPeer,
@@ -64,32 +65,29 @@ export function resolveTelegramConversationRoute(params: {
     // Preserve the configured topic agent ID so topic-bound sessions stay stable
     // even when that agent is not present in the current config snapshot.
     const topicAgentId = sanitizeAgentId(rawTopicAgentId);
-    route = {
-      ...route,
-      agentId: topicAgentId,
-      sessionKey: buildAgentSessionKey({
+    const sessionKey = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(
+      buildAgentSessionKey({
         agentId: topicAgentId,
         channel: "telegram",
         accountId: params.accountId,
         peer: { kind: params.isGroup ? "group" : "direct", id: peerId },
         dmScope: params.cfg.session?.dmScope,
         identityLinks: params.cfg.session?.identityLinks,
-      }).toLowerCase(),
-      mainSessionKey: buildAgentMainSessionKey({
+      }),
+    );
+    const mainSessionKey = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(
+      buildAgentMainSessionKey({
         agentId: topicAgentId,
-      }).toLowerCase(),
+      }),
+    );
+    route = {
+      ...route,
+      agentId: topicAgentId,
+      sessionKey,
+      mainSessionKey,
       lastRoutePolicy: deriveLastRoutePolicy({
-        sessionKey: buildAgentSessionKey({
-          agentId: topicAgentId,
-          channel: "telegram",
-          accountId: params.accountId,
-          peer: { kind: params.isGroup ? "group" : "direct", id: peerId },
-          dmScope: params.cfg.session?.dmScope,
-          identityLinks: params.cfg.session?.identityLinks,
-        }).toLowerCase(),
-        mainSessionKey: buildAgentMainSessionKey({
-          agentId: topicAgentId,
-        }).toLowerCase(),
+        sessionKey,
+        mainSessionKey,
       }),
     };
     logVerbose(
@@ -170,18 +168,20 @@ export function resolveTelegramConversationBaseSessionKey(params: {
   if (!isNamedAccountFallback || params.isGroup) {
     return params.route.sessionKey;
   }
-  return buildAgentSessionKey({
-    agentId: params.route.agentId,
-    channel: "telegram",
-    accountId: params.route.accountId,
-    peer: {
-      kind: "direct",
-      id: resolveTelegramDirectPeerId({
-        chatId: params.chatId,
-        senderId: params.senderId,
-      }),
-    },
-    dmScope: "per-account-channel-peer",
-    identityLinks: params.cfg.session?.identityLinks,
-  }).toLowerCase();
+  return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(
+    buildAgentSessionKey({
+      agentId: params.route.agentId,
+      channel: "telegram",
+      accountId: params.route.accountId,
+      peer: {
+        kind: "direct",
+        id: resolveTelegramDirectPeerId({
+          chatId: params.chatId,
+          senderId: params.senderId,
+        }),
+      },
+      dmScope: "per-account-channel-peer",
+      identityLinks: params.cfg.session?.identityLinks,
+    }),
+  );
 }

extensions/telegram/src/fetch.ts

@@ -402,7 +402,9 @@ function formatErrorCodes(err: unknown): string {
 function shouldUseTelegramTransportFallback(err: unknown): boolean {
   const ctx: TelegramTransportFallbackContext = {
     message:
-      err && typeof err === "object" && "message" in err ? String(err.message).toLowerCase() : "",
+      err && typeof err === "object" && "message" in err
+        ? normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(String(err.message))
+        : "",
     codes: collectErrorCodes(err),
   };
   for (const rule of TELEGRAM_TRANSPORT_FALLBACK_RULES) {

extensions/telegram/src/format.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   FILE_REF_EXTENSIONS_WITH_TLD,
   isAutoLinkedFileRef,
   markdownToIR,
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
   type MarkdownLinkSpan,
   type MarkdownIR,
   renderMarkdownIRChunksWithinLimit,
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ export function wrapFileReferencesInHtml(html: string): string {
     const tagStart = match.index;
     const tagEnd = HTML_TAG_PATTERN.lastIndex;
     const isClosing = match[1] === "</";
-    const tagName = match[2].toLowerCase();
+    const tagName = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(match[2]);
 
     // Process text before this tag
     const textBefore = deLinkified.slice(lastIndex, tagStart);
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ export function splitTelegramHtmlChunks(html: string, limit: number): string[] {
 
     const rawTag = match[0];
     const isClosing = match[1] === "</";
-    const tagName = match[2].toLowerCase();
+    const tagName = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(match[2]);
     const isSelfClosing =
       !isClosing &&
       (TELEGRAM_SELF_CLOSING_HTML_TAGS.has(tagName) || rawTag.trimEnd().endsWith("/>"));

extensions/telegram/src/group-migration.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
 import type { TelegramGroupConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
 import { normalizeAccountId } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/routing";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 type TelegramGroups = Record<string, TelegramGroupConfig>;
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ function resolveAccountGroups(
     return { groups: exact.groups };
   }
   const matchKey = Object.keys(accounts).find(
-    (key) => key.toLowerCase() === normalized.toLowerCase(),
+    (key) => normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(key) === normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalized),
   );
   return { groups: matchKey ? accounts[matchKey]?.groups : undefined };
 }

extensions/telegram/src/network-errors.ts

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ function normalizeTelegramNetworkMethod(method?: string | null): string | null {
   if (!trimmed) {
     return null;
   }
-  return trimmed.toLowerCase();
+  return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed);
 }
 
 export function tagTelegramNetworkError(err: unknown, origin: TelegramNetworkErrorOrigin): void {

extensions/telegram/src/normalize.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { normalizeTelegramLookupTarget, parseTelegramTarget } from "./targets.js";
 
 const TELEGRAM_PREFIX_RE = /^(telegram|tg):/i;
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ export function normalizeTelegramMessagingTarget(raw: string): string | undefine
   if (!normalizedBody) {
     return undefined;
   }
-  return `telegram:${normalizedBody}`.toLowerCase();
+  return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(`telegram:${normalizedBody}`);
 }
 
 export function looksLikeTelegramTargetId(raw: string): boolean {

extensions/telegram/src/polling-session.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   sleepWithAbort,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { withTelegramApiErrorLogging } from "./api-logging.js";
 import { createTelegramBot } from "./bot.js";
 import { type TelegramTransport } from "./fetch.js";
@@ -450,7 +451,7 @@ const isGetUpdatesConflict = (err: unknown) => {
   }
   const haystack = [typed.method, typed.description, typed.message]
     .filter((value): value is string => typeof value === "string")
-    .join(" ")
-    .toLowerCase();
-  return haystack.includes("getupdates");
+    .join(" ");
+  const normalizedHaystack = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(haystack);
+  return normalizedHaystack.includes("getupdates");
 };

extensions/telegram/src/reasoning-lane-coordinator.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 import { formatReasoningMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-runtime";
 import type { ReplyPayload } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/reply-runtime";
 import { findCodeRegions, isInsideCode } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
-import { stripReasoningTagsFromText } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  stripReasoningTagsFromText,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 const REASONING_MESSAGE_PREFIX = "Reasoning:\n";
 const REASONING_TAG_PREFIXES = [
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ function extractThinkingFromTaggedStreamOutsideCode(text: string): string {
 }
 
 function isPartialReasoningTagPrefix(text: string): boolean {
-  const trimmed = text.trimStart().toLowerCase();
+  const trimmed = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(text.trimStart());
   if (!trimmed.startsWith("<")) {
     return false;
   }

extensions/telegram/src/sendchataction-401-backoff.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   sleepWithAbort,
   type BackoffPolicy,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 export type TelegramSendChatActionLogger = (message: string) => void;
 
@@ -60,7 +61,9 @@ function is401Error(error: unknown): boolean {
     return false;
   }
   const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : JSON.stringify(error);
-  return message.includes("401") || message.toLowerCase().includes("unauthorized");
+  return (
+    message.includes("401") || normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(message).includes("unauthorized")
+  );
 }
 
 /**

extensions/telegram/src/sticker-cache.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/media-runtime";
 import { logVerbose } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { STATE_DIR } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/state-paths";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { getTelegramRuntime } from "./runtime.js";
 
 const CACHE_FILE = path.join(STATE_DIR, "telegram", "sticker-cache.json");
@@ -75,12 +76,12 @@ export function cacheSticker(sticker: CachedSticker): void {
  */
 export function searchStickers(query: string, limit = 10): CachedSticker[] {
   const cache = loadCache();
-  const queryLower = query.toLowerCase();
+  const queryLower = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(query);
   const results: Array<{ sticker: CachedSticker; score: number }> = [];
 
   for (const sticker of Object.values(cache.stickers)) {
     let score = 0;
-    const descLower = sticker.description.toLowerCase();
+    const descLower = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(sticker.description);
 
     // Exact substring match in description
     if (descLower.includes(queryLower)) {
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ export function searchStickers(query: string, limit = 10): CachedSticker[] {
     }
 
     // Set name match
-    if (sticker.setName?.toLowerCase().includes(queryLower)) {
+    if (normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(sticker.setName).includes(queryLower)) {
       score += 3;
     }
 
@@ -193,7 +194,8 @@ export async function describeStickerImage(params: DescribeStickerParams): Promi
   const selectCatalogModel = (provider: string) => {
     const entries = catalog.filter(
       (entry) =>
-        entry.provider.toLowerCase() === provider.toLowerCase() && modelSupportsVision(entry),
+        normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(entry.provider) ===
+          normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(provider) && modelSupportsVision(entry),
     );
     if (entries.length === 0) {
       return undefined;

extensions/telegram/src/target-writeback.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   saveCronStore,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import {
   normalizeTelegramChatId,
   normalizeTelegramLookupTarget,
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ function normalizeTelegramLookupTargetForMatch(raw: string): string | undefined
   if (!normalized) {
     return undefined;
   }
-  return normalized.startsWith("@") ? normalized.toLowerCase() : normalized;
+  return normalized.startsWith("@") ? normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(normalized) : normalized;
 }
 
 function normalizeTelegramTargetForMatch(raw: string): string | undefined {