diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5a904936032..ae511ee2a06 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- Models/Custom provider keys: trim custom provider map keys during normalization so image-capable models remain discoverable when provider keys are configured with leading/trailing whitespace. Landed from contributor PR #31202 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.
 - Discord/Agent component interactions: accept Components v2 `cid` payloads alongside legacy `componentId`, and safely decode percent-encoded IDs without throwing on malformed `%` sequences. Landed from contributor PR #29013 by @Jacky1n7. Thanks @Jacky1n7.
 - Matrix/Directory room IDs: preserve original room-ID casing for direct `!roomId` group lookups (without `:server`) so allowlist checks do not fail on case-sensitive IDs. Landed from contributor PR #31201 by @williamos-dev. Thanks @williamos-dev.
 - Discord/Inbound media fallback: preserve attachment and sticker metadata when Discord CDN fetch/save fails by keeping URL-based media entries in context, with regression coverage for save failures and mixed success/failure ordering. Landed from contributor PR #28906 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
diff --git a/src/agents/models-config.providers.normalize-keys.test.ts b/src/agents/models-config.providers.normalize-keys.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cccd54851d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/agents/models-config.providers.normalize-keys.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
+import { normalizeProviders } from "./models-config.providers.js";
+
+describe("normalizeProviders", () => {
+  it("trims provider keys so image models remain discoverable for custom providers", async () => {
+    const agentDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-agent-"));
+    try {
+      const providers: NonNullable<NonNullable<OpenClawConfig["models"]>["providers"]> = {
+        " dashscope-vision ": {
+          baseUrl: "https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1",
+          api: "openai-completions",
+          apiKey: "DASHSCOPE_API_KEY",
+          models: [
+            {
+              id: "qwen-vl-max",
+              name: "Qwen VL Max",
+              input: ["text", "image"],
+              reasoning: false,
+              cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
+              contextWindow: 32000,
+              maxTokens: 4096,
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      };
+
+      const normalized = normalizeProviders({ providers, agentDir });
+      expect(Object.keys(normalized ?? {})).toEqual(["dashscope-vision"]);
+      expect(normalized?.["dashscope-vision"]?.models?.[0]?.id).toBe("qwen-vl-max");
+    } finally {
+      await fs.rm(agentDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the latest provider config when duplicate keys only differ by whitespace", async () => {
+    const agentDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-agent-"));
+    try {
+      const providers: NonNullable<NonNullable<OpenClawConfig["models"]>["providers"]> = {
+        openai: {
+          baseUrl: "https://api.openai.com/v1",
+          api: "openai-completions",
+          apiKey: "OPENAI_API_KEY",
+          models: [],
+        },
+        " openai ": {
+          baseUrl: "https://example.com/v1",
+          api: "openai-completions",
+          apiKey: "CUSTOM_OPENAI_API_KEY",
+          models: [
+            {
+              id: "gpt-4.1-mini",
+              name: "GPT-4.1 mini",
+              input: ["text"],
+              reasoning: false,
+              cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
+              contextWindow: 128000,
+              maxTokens: 16384,
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      };
+
+      const normalized = normalizeProviders({ providers, agentDir });
+      expect(Object.keys(normalized ?? {})).toEqual(["openai"]);
+      expect(normalized?.openai?.baseUrl).toBe("https://example.com/v1");
+      expect(normalized?.openai?.apiKey).toBe("CUSTOM_OPENAI_API_KEY");
+      expect(normalized?.openai?.models?.[0]?.id).toBe("gpt-4.1-mini");
+    } finally {
+      await fs.rm(agentDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/agents/models-config.providers.ts b/src/agents/models-config.providers.ts
index cd78c83a490..2da28625ad3 100644
--- a/src/agents/models-config.providers.ts
+++ b/src/agents/models-config.providers.ts
@@ -496,6 +496,13 @@ export function normalizeProviders(params: {
 
   for (const [key, provider] of Object.entries(providers)) {
     const normalizedKey = key.trim();
+    if (!normalizedKey) {
+      mutated = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (normalizedKey !== key) {
+      mutated = true;
+    }
     let normalizedProvider = provider;
     const configuredApiKey = normalizedProvider.apiKey;
 
@@ -554,7 +561,19 @@ export function normalizeProviders(params: {
       normalizedProvider = antigravityNormalized;
     }
 
-    next[key] = normalizedProvider;
+    const existing = next[normalizedKey];
+    if (existing) {
+      // Keep deterministic behavior if users accidentally define duplicate
+      // provider keys that only differ by surrounding whitespace.
+      mutated = true;
+      next[normalizedKey] = {
+        ...existing,
+        ...normalizedProvider,
+        models: normalizedProvider.models ?? existing.models,
+      };
+      continue;
+    }
+    next[normalizedKey] = normalizedProvider;
   }
 
   return mutated ? next : providers;