diff --git a/src/gateway/call.test.ts b/src/gateway/call.test.ts
index bb6922887b9..5a6630fd224 100644
--- a/src/gateway/call.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/call.test.ts
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ describe("callGateway url resolution", () => {
     expect(lastClientOptions?.scopes).toEqual(["operator.read"]);
 
     await callGatewayScoped({ method: "health", scopes: [] });
-    expect(lastClientOptions?.scopes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(lastClientOptions?.scopes).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("uses backend client metadata for explicit scoped default calls", async () => {
diff --git a/src/gateway/chat-attachments.test.ts b/src/gateway/chat-attachments.test.ts
index 02dd7d799c3..59ae0c6eef2 100644
--- a/src/gateway/chat-attachments.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/chat-attachments.test.ts
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ describe("parseMessageWithAttachments validation errors", () => {
 
     try {
       expect(parsed.images).toHaveLength(0);
-      expect(parsed.imageOrder).toEqual([]);
+      expect(parsed.imageOrder).toStrictEqual([]);
       expect(parsed.offloadedRefs).toHaveLength(1);
       expect(parsed.offloadedRefs[0]).toMatchObject({
         mimeType: "application/pdf",
diff --git a/src/gateway/config-reload.test.ts b/src/gateway/config-reload.test.ts
index f3b451ddc6d..65d047ad5f3 100644
--- a/src/gateway/config-reload.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/config-reload.test.ts
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe("diffConfigPaths", () => {
         },
       },
     };
-    expect(diffConfigPaths(prev, next)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(diffConfigPaths(prev, next)).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("reports changed arrays of objects", () => {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ describe("buildGatewayReloadPlan", () => {
     const plan = buildGatewayReloadPlan(["browser.enabled"]);
     expect(plan.restartGateway).toBe(true);
     expect(plan.restartReasons).toContain("browser.enabled");
-    expect(plan.hotReasons).toEqual([]);
+    expect(plan.hotReasons).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("restarts the Gmail watcher for hooks.gmail changes", () => {
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ describe("buildGatewayReloadPlan", () => {
     expect(plan.restartGateway).toBe(true);
     expect(plan.restartReasons).toContain("models.pricing.enabled");
     expect(plan.restartHeartbeat).toBe(false);
-    expect(plan.hotReasons).toEqual([]);
+    expect(plan.hotReasons).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("restarts heartbeat when agents.defaults.models allowlist changes", () => {
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ describe("buildGatewayReloadPlan", () => {
     expect(plan.restartGateway).toBe(false);
     expect(plan.restartHeartbeat).toBe(true);
     expect(plan.hotReasons).toContain("agents.defaults.models");
-    expect(plan.noopPaths).toEqual([]);
+    expect(plan.noopPaths).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("restarts heartbeat when agents.list entries change", () => {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ describe("buildGatewayReloadPlan", () => {
     expect(plan.restartGateway).toBe(false);
     expect(plan.restartHeartbeat).toBe(true);
     expect(plan.hotReasons).toContain("agents.list");
-    expect(plan.noopPaths).toEqual([]);
+    expect(plan.noopPaths).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("treats plugin install timestamp-only changes as no-op", () => {
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ describe("buildGatewayReloadPlan", () => {
       "plugins.installs.lossless.resolvedAt",
       "plugins.installs.lossless.resolvedAt",
     ]);
-    expect(plan.noopPaths).toEqual([]);
+    expect(plan.noopPaths).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("requires restart when plugin load paths change", () => {
@@ -722,14 +722,14 @@ describe("startGatewayConfigReloader", () => {
       expect(onHotReload).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(onRestart).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
       expect(log.error).toHaveBeenCalledWith("config restart failed: Error: restart-check failed");
-      expect(unhandled).toEqual([]);
+      expect(unhandled).toStrictEqual([]);
 
       watcher.emit("change");
       await vi.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
       await Promise.resolve();
 
       expect(onRestart).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-      expect(unhandled).toEqual([]);
+      expect(unhandled).toStrictEqual([]);
     } finally {
       process.off("unhandledRejection", onUnhandled);
       await reloader.stop();
diff --git a/src/gateway/http-utils.request-context.test.ts b/src/gateway/http-utils.request-context.test.ts
index e5973f21c0b..340de3c005b 100644
--- a/src/gateway/http-utils.request-context.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/http-utils.request-context.test.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe("resolveTrustedHttpOperatorScopes", () => {
       tokenAuth,
     );
 
-    expect(scopes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(scopes).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("keeps declared scopes for non-bearer HTTP requests", () => {
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe("resolveTrustedHttpOperatorScopes", () => {
       { trustDeclaredOperatorScopes: false },
     );
 
-    expect(scopes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(scopes).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts b/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts
index d51894b84f0..ce616441dcb 100644
--- a/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts
@@ -62,11 +62,13 @@ describe("method scope resolution", () => {
   });
 
   it("leaves node-only pending drain outside operator scopes", () => {
-    expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.pending.drain")).toEqual([]);
+    expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.pending.drain")).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("returns empty scopes for unknown methods", () => {
-    expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("totally.unknown.method")).toEqual([]);
+    expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("totally.unknown.method")).toStrictEqual(
+      [],
+    );
   });
 
   it("reads plugin-registered gateway method scopes from the active plugin registry", () => {
@@ -228,14 +230,14 @@ describe("core gateway method classification", () => {
     const unclassified = Object.keys(coreGatewayHandlers).filter(
       (method) => !isGatewayMethodClassified(method),
     );
-    expect(unclassified).toEqual([]);
+    expect(unclassified).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("classifies every listed gateway method name", () => {
     const unclassified = listGatewayMethods().filter(
       (method) => !isGatewayMethodClassified(method),
     );
-    expect(unclassified).toEqual([]);
+    expect(unclassified).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/openai-http.test.ts b/src/gateway/openai-http.test.ts
index ddbaa911880..8d3b2f8bd68 100644
--- a/src/gateway/openai-http.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/openai-http.test.ts
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ describe("OpenAI-compatible HTTP API (e2e)", () => {
       completion_tokens: 5,
       total_tokens: 20,
     });
-    expect(usageChunk?.choices).toEqual([]);
+    expect(usageChunk?.choices).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("keeps aggregate-only usage total in final stream usage chunk", async () => {
diff --git a/src/gateway/openresponses-http.test.ts b/src/gateway/openresponses-http.test.ts
index 391e0e88eca..523cb52ac3e 100644
--- a/src/gateway/openresponses-http.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/openresponses-http.test.ts
@@ -1217,7 +1217,7 @@ describe("OpenResponses HTTP API (e2e)", () => {
     await vi.waitFor(() => {
       expect(agentCommand.mock.calls).toHaveLength(1);
     });
-    expect(openResponsesTesting.getResponseSessionIds()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(openResponsesTesting.getResponseSessionIds()).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     release?.({ payloads: [{ text: "hello" }] });
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.directive-tags.test.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.directive-tags.test.ts
index 0ee43a992de..13fd93a6a2e 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.directive-tags.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.directive-tags.test.ts
@@ -791,14 +791,14 @@ describe("chat directive tag stripping for non-streaming final payloads", () =>
     );
     // Agent-run delivery is a live projection; Pi message_end owns persisted
     // assistant transcript entries, including stale media/text final payloads.
-    expect(assistantUpdates).toEqual([]);
+    expect(assistantUpdates).toStrictEqual([]);
     const transcriptLines = readTranscriptJsonLines(mockState.transcriptPath);
     const assistantEntries = transcriptLines.filter(
       (entry) =>
         (entry as { message?: { role?: string } }).message?.role === "assistant" ||
         (entry as { role?: string }).role === "assistant",
     );
-    expect(assistantEntries).toEqual([]);
+    expect(assistantEntries).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("does not mirror normal agent-run final text from live delivery", async () => {
@@ -838,14 +838,14 @@ describe("chat directive tag stripping for non-streaming final payloads", () =>
     );
     // Normal agent-run final text must not be mirrored into JSONL by WebChat;
     // Pi persists the model-visible assistant turn from message_end.
-    expect(assistantUpdates).toEqual([]);
+    expect(assistantUpdates).toStrictEqual([]);
     const transcriptLines = readTranscriptJsonLines(mockState.transcriptPath);
     const assistantEntries = transcriptLines.filter(
       (entry) =>
         (entry as { message?: { role?: string } }).message?.role === "assistant" ||
         (entry as { role?: string }).role === "assistant",
     );
-    expect(assistantEntries).toEqual([]);
+    expect(assistantEntries).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("keeps visible text on non-agent TTS final media because no model transcript exists", async () => {
@@ -2002,7 +2002,7 @@ describe("chat directive tag stripping for non-streaming final payloads", () =>
       expectBroadcast: false,
     });
 
-    expect(mockState.lastDispatchCtx?.GatewayClientScopes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(mockState.lastDispatchCtx?.GatewayClientScopes).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(mockState.lastDispatchCtx?.CommandBody).toBe("/scopecheck");
   });
 
@@ -2425,7 +2425,7 @@ describe("chat directive tag stripping for non-streaming final payloads", () =>
           update.message !== null &&
           (update.message as { role?: unknown }).role === "user",
       );
-      expect(mockState.savedMediaCalls).toEqual([]);
+      expect(mockState.savedMediaCalls).toStrictEqual([]);
       expect(userUpdate).toMatchObject({
         message: {
           role: "user",
@@ -3361,7 +3361,7 @@ describe("chat directive tag stripping for non-streaming final payloads", () =>
       waitFor: "none",
     });
 
-    expect(mockState.savedMediaCalls).toEqual([]);
+    expect(mockState.savedMediaCalls).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(mockState.lastDispatchImages).toBeUndefined();
     expect(respond).toHaveBeenCalledWith(true, {
       ok: true,
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-restart-deferral.test.ts b/src/gateway/server-restart-deferral.test.ts
index 042afbee347..cad20629369 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-restart-deferral.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-restart-deferral.test.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe("gateway restart deferral", () => {
 
     expect(getTotalPendingReplies()).toBe(0);
     expect(restartTriggered).toBe(false);
-    expect(replyErrors).toEqual([]);
+    expect(replyErrors).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(deliveredReplies).toEqual(["Configuration updated!"]);
   });
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.hooks.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.hooks.test.ts
index f22fb11214a..b39132b19d7 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.hooks.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.hooks.test.ts
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ describe("gateway server hooks", () => {
       expect(targetEvents).toEqual(
         expect.arrayContaining([expect.stringContaining("Hook Email: done")]),
       );
-      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toEqual([]);
+      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toStrictEqual([]);
       drainSystemEvents(HOOKS_MAIN_SESSION_KEY);
     });
   });
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ describe("gateway server hooks", () => {
       });
       expect(directSilent.status).toBe(200);
       await waitForCronIsolatedRuns(1);
-      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toEqual([]);
+      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toStrictEqual([]);
 
       cronIsolatedRun.mockResolvedValueOnce({
         status: "ok",
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ describe("gateway server hooks", () => {
       const mappedSilent = await postHook(port, "/hooks/mapped-silent", { subject: "Email" });
       expect(mappedSilent.status).toBe(200);
       await waitForCronIsolatedRuns(2);
-      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toEqual([]);
+      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toStrictEqual([]);
 
       cronIsolatedRun.mockResolvedValueOnce({
         status: "error",
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ describe("gateway server hooks", () => {
       });
       expect(response.status).toBe(200);
       await waitForCronIsolatedRuns(1);
-      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toEqual([]);
+      expect(peekSystemEventEntries(resolveMainKey())).toStrictEqual([]);
     });
   });
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.models-voicewake-misc.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.models-voicewake-misc.test.ts
index 7911f6008d1..643aa935ad0 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.models-voicewake-misc.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.models-voicewake-misc.test.ts
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ describe("gateway server models + voicewake", () => {
       expect(initial.ok).toBe(true);
       expect(initial.payload?.config?.version).toBe(1);
       expect(initial.payload?.config?.defaultTarget).toEqual({ mode: "current" });
-      expect(initial.payload?.config?.routes).toEqual([]);
+      expect(initial.payload?.config?.routes).toStrictEqual([]);
 
       const changedP = onceMessage<{
         type: "event";
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ describe("gateway server models + voicewake", () => {
       expect(first.event).toBe("voicewake.routing.changed");
       expect(
         (first.payload as { config?: { routes?: unknown[] } } | undefined)?.config?.routes,
-      ).toEqual([]);
+      ).toStrictEqual([]);
 
       const broadcastP = onceMessage<{
         type: "event";
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ describe("gateway server models + voicewake", () => {
           const discoverCallsBefore = piSdkMock.discoverCalls;
           const res = await listModels({ view: "configured" });
           expect(res.ok).toBe(true);
-          expect(res.payload?.models).toEqual([]);
+          expect(res.payload?.models).toStrictEqual([]);
           expect(piSdkMock.discoverCalls).toBe(discoverCallsBefore);
         });
       },
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.node-pairing-auto-approve.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.node-pairing-auto-approve.test.ts
index 2732eb1442c..77a217c71bc 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.node-pairing-auto-approve.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.node-pairing-auto-approve.test.ts
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ describe("gateway trusted CIDR node pairing auto-approve", () => {
       expect(pending).toHaveLength(0);
       const paired = await getPairedDevice(loaded.identity.deviceId);
       expect(paired?.role).toBe("node");
-      expect(paired?.approvedScopes ?? []).toEqual([]);
+      expect(paired?.approvedScopes ?? []).toStrictEqual([]);
     } finally {
       ws?.close();
       await started.server.close();
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.reload.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.reload.test.ts
index 5ee9b91841b..c58ca3647db 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.reload.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.reload.test.ts
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ describe("gateway hot reload", () => {
     );
 
     await expect(params.applyReload()).rejects.toThrow(params.expectedError);
-    expect(drainSystemEvents(params.sessionKey)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(drainSystemEvents(params.sessionKey)).toStrictEqual([]);
   }
 
   async function expectSecretReloadRecovered(params: {
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.tools-catalog.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.tools-catalog.test.ts
index bf711e1509a..f7c6fca8830 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.tools-catalog.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.tools-catalog.test.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe("gateway tools.catalog", () => {
       expect(noPlugins.ok).toBe(true);
       expect(
         (noPlugins.payload?.groups ?? []).filter((group) => group.source === "plugin"),
-      ).toEqual([]);
+      ).toStrictEqual([]);
 
       const unknownAgent = await rpcReq(ws, "tools.catalog", { agentId: "does-not-exist" });
       expect(unknownAgent.ok).toBe(false);
diff --git a/src/gateway/server/plugins-http.test.ts b/src/gateway/server/plugins-http.test.ts
index 940c727df61..f14b61bee5f 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server/plugins-http.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server/plugins-http.test.ts
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ describe("createGatewayPluginRequestHandler", () => {
 
     expect(handled).toBe(true);
     expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200);
-    expect(observedScopes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(observedScopes).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("preserves gateway-authenticated plugin route runtime scopes from request auth", async () => {
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ describe("createGatewayPluginUpgradeHandler", () => {
     expect(handled).toBe(true);
     expect(routeUpgradeHandler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
     expect(socket.destroyed).toBe(false);
-    expect(socket.chunks).toEqual([]);
+    expect(socket.chunks).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/session-utils.fs.test.ts b/src/gateway/session-utils.fs.test.ts
index 792a78cd0e2..d901ac96e32 100644
--- a/src/gateway/session-utils.fs.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/session-utils.fs.test.ts
@@ -1793,7 +1793,7 @@ describe("resolveSessionTranscriptCandidates safety", () => {
       "/tmp/openclaw/agents/main/sessions/sessions.json",
     );
 
-    expect(candidates).toEqual([]);
+    expect(candidates).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   test("drops unsafe sessionFile candidates and keeps safe fallbacks", () => {
@@ -1937,7 +1937,7 @@ describe("archiveSessionTranscripts", () => {
       reason: "reset",
     });
 
-    expect(archived).toEqual([]);
+    expect(archived).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   test("skips files that do not exist and archives only existing ones", () => {
diff --git a/src/gateway/session-utils.subagent.test.ts b/src/gateway/session-utils.subagent.test.ts
index b59dc677b3b..b70d42079c9 100644
--- a/src/gateway/session-utils.subagent.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/session-utils.subagent.test.ts
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ describe("listSessionsFromStore subagent metadata", () => {
       },
     });
 
-    expect(result.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(result.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   test("reports the newest run owner for moved child session rows", () => {
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ describe("listSessionsFromStore subagent metadata", () => {
           }),
       );
 
-      expect(result.sessions).toEqual([]);
+      expect(result.sessions).toStrictEqual([]);
       const registryStatCount = statSpy.mock.calls.filter(
         ([pathname]) => path.normalize(String(pathname)) === path.normalize(registryPath),
       ).length;
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ describe("listSessionsFromStore subagent metadata", () => {
         spawnedBy: "agent:main:main",
       },
     });
-    expect(filtered.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(filtered.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   test("does not reattach stale orphan store-only child links without lifecycle fields", () => {
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ describe("listSessionsFromStore subagent metadata", () => {
         spawnedBy: "agent:main:main",
       },
     });
-    expect(filtered.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(filtered.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   test("does not keep old ended registry runs attached as child sessions", () => {
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ describe("listSessionsFromStore subagent metadata", () => {
         spawnedBy: "agent:main:main",
       },
     });
-    expect(filtered.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(filtered.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   test("keeps ended parents attached while live descendants are still running", () => {