Merge branch 'pr-488'

# Conflicts:
#	README.md
#	README_CN.md
#	README_JA.md

cmd/fetch_antigravity_models/main.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/logging"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
 	sdkauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
 	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/proxyutil"
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ func fetchModels(ctx context.Context, auth *coreauth.Auth) []modelEntry {
 		httpReq.Close = true
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
-		httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", "antigravity/1.21.9 darwin/arm64")
+		httpReq.Header.Set("User-Agent", misc.AntigravityUserAgent())
 
 		httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: 30 * time.Second}
 		if transport, _, errProxy := proxyutil.BuildHTTPTransport(auth.ProxyURL); errProxy == nil && transport != nil {

cmd/server/main.go

@@ -598,6 +598,7 @@ func main() {
 			if standalone {
 				// Standalone mode: start an embedded local server and connect TUI client to it.
 				managementasset.StartAutoUpdater(context.Background(), configFilePath)
+				misc.StartAntigravityVersionUpdater(context.Background())
 				if !localModel {
 					registry.StartModelsUpdater(context.Background())
 				}
@@ -673,6 +674,7 @@ func main() {
 		} else {
 			// Start the main proxy service
 			managementasset.StartAutoUpdater(context.Background(), configFilePath)
+			misc.StartAntigravityVersionUpdater(context.Background())
 			if !localModel {
 				registry.StartModelsUpdater(context.Background())
 			}

internal/api/handlers/management/api_tools.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/runtime/geminicli"
 	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/proxyutil"
@@ -700,6 +701,11 @@ func (h *Handler) apiCallTransport(auth *coreauth.Auth) http.RoundTripper {
 		if proxyStr := strings.TrimSpace(auth.ProxyURL); proxyStr != "" {
 			proxyCandidates = append(proxyCandidates, proxyStr)
 		}
+		if h != nil && h.cfg != nil {
+			if proxyStr := strings.TrimSpace(proxyURLFromAPIKeyConfig(h.cfg, auth)); proxyStr != "" {
+				proxyCandidates = append(proxyCandidates, proxyStr)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	if h != nil && h.cfg != nil {
 		if proxyStr := strings.TrimSpace(h.cfg.ProxyURL); proxyStr != "" {
@@ -722,6 +728,123 @@ func (h *Handler) apiCallTransport(auth *coreauth.Auth) http.RoundTripper {
 	return clone
 }
 
+type apiKeyConfigEntry interface {
+	GetAPIKey() string
+	GetBaseURL() string
+}
+
+func resolveAPIKeyConfig[T apiKeyConfigEntry](entries []T, auth *coreauth.Auth) *T {
+	if auth == nil || len(entries) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	attrKey, attrBase := "", ""
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		attrKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["api_key"])
+		attrBase = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["base_url"])
+	}
+	for i := range entries {
+		entry := &entries[i]
+		cfgKey := strings.TrimSpace((*entry).GetAPIKey())
+		cfgBase := strings.TrimSpace((*entry).GetBaseURL())
+		if attrKey != "" && attrBase != "" {
+			if strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if attrKey != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) {
+			if cfgBase == "" || strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+		if attrKey == "" && attrBase != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+			return entry
+		}
+	}
+	if attrKey != "" {
+		for i := range entries {
+			entry := &entries[i]
+			if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace((*entry).GetAPIKey()), attrKey) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func proxyURLFromAPIKeyConfig(cfg *config.Config, auth *coreauth.Auth) string {
+	if cfg == nil || auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	authKind, authAccount := auth.AccountInfo()
+	if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(authKind), "api_key") {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	attrs := auth.Attributes
+	compatName := ""
+	providerKey := ""
+	if len(attrs) > 0 {
+		compatName = strings.TrimSpace(attrs["compat_name"])
+		providerKey = strings.TrimSpace(attrs["provider_key"])
+	}
+	if compatName != "" || strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider), "openai-compatibility") {
+		return resolveOpenAICompatAPIKeyProxyURL(cfg, auth, strings.TrimSpace(authAccount), providerKey, compatName)
+	}
+
+	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider)) {
+	case "gemini":
+		if entry := resolveAPIKeyConfig(cfg.GeminiKey, auth); entry != nil {
+			return strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
+		}
+	case "claude":
+		if entry := resolveAPIKeyConfig(cfg.ClaudeKey, auth); entry != nil {
+			return strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
+		}
+	case "codex":
+		if entry := resolveAPIKeyConfig(cfg.CodexKey, auth); entry != nil {
+			return strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func resolveOpenAICompatAPIKeyProxyURL(cfg *config.Config, auth *coreauth.Auth, apiKey, providerKey, compatName string) string {
+	if cfg == nil || auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	apiKey = strings.TrimSpace(apiKey)
+	if apiKey == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	candidates := make([]string, 0, 3)
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(compatName); v != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, v)
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(providerKey); v != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, v)
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider); v != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, v)
+	}
+
+	for i := range cfg.OpenAICompatibility {
+		compat := &cfg.OpenAICompatibility[i]
+		for _, candidate := range candidates {
+			if candidate != "" && strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(candidate), compat.Name) {
+				for j := range compat.APIKeyEntries {
+					entry := &compat.APIKeyEntries[j]
+					if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey), apiKey) {
+						return strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
+					}
+				}
+				return ""
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 func buildProxyTransport(proxyStr string) *http.Transport {
 	transport, _, errBuild := proxyutil.BuildHTTPTransport(proxyStr)
 	if errBuild != nil {

internal/api/handlers/management/api_tools_test.go

@@ -58,6 +58,105 @@ func TestAPICallTransportInvalidAuthFallsBackToGlobalProxy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAPICallTransportAPIKeyAuthFallsBackToConfigProxyURL(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	h := &Handler{
+		cfg: &config.Config{
+			SDKConfig: sdkconfig.SDKConfig{ProxyURL: "http://global-proxy.example.com:8080"},
+			GeminiKey: []config.GeminiKey{{
+				APIKey:   "gemini-key",
+				ProxyURL: "http://gemini-proxy.example.com:8080",
+			}},
+			ClaudeKey: []config.ClaudeKey{{
+				APIKey:   "claude-key",
+				ProxyURL: "http://claude-proxy.example.com:8080",
+			}},
+			CodexKey: []config.CodexKey{{
+				APIKey:   "codex-key",
+				ProxyURL: "http://codex-proxy.example.com:8080",
+			}},
+			OpenAICompatibility: []config.OpenAICompatibility{{
+				Name:    "bohe",
+				BaseURL: "https://bohe.example.com",
+				APIKeyEntries: []config.OpenAICompatibilityAPIKey{{
+					APIKey:   "compat-key",
+					ProxyURL: "http://compat-proxy.example.com:8080",
+				}},
+			}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		auth      *coreauth.Auth
+		wantProxy string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "gemini",
+			auth: &coreauth.Auth{
+				Provider:   "gemini",
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "gemini-key"},
+			},
+			wantProxy: "http://gemini-proxy.example.com:8080",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "claude",
+			auth: &coreauth.Auth{
+				Provider:   "claude",
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "claude-key"},
+			},
+			wantProxy: "http://claude-proxy.example.com:8080",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "codex",
+			auth: &coreauth.Auth{
+				Provider:   "codex",
+				Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "codex-key"},
+			},
+			wantProxy: "http://codex-proxy.example.com:8080",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "openai-compatibility",
+			auth: &coreauth.Auth{
+				Provider: "bohe",
+				Attributes: map[string]string{
+					"api_key":      "compat-key",
+					"compat_name":  "bohe",
+					"provider_key": "bohe",
+				},
+			},
+			wantProxy: "http://compat-proxy.example.com:8080",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			transport := h.apiCallTransport(tc.auth)
+			httpTransport, ok := transport.(*http.Transport)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("transport type = %T, want *http.Transport", transport)
+			}
+
+			req, errRequest := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "https://example.com", nil)
+			if errRequest != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("http.NewRequest returned error: %v", errRequest)
+			}
+
+			proxyURL, errProxy := httpTransport.Proxy(req)
+			if errProxy != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("httpTransport.Proxy returned error: %v", errProxy)
+			}
+			if proxyURL == nil || proxyURL.String() != tc.wantProxy {
+				t.Fatalf("proxy URL = %v, want %s", proxyURL, tc.wantProxy)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthByIndexDistinguishesSharedAPIKeysAcrossProviders(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 

internal/misc/antigravity_version.go

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Package misc provides miscellaneous utility functions for the CLI Proxy API server.
+package misc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+const (
+	antigravityReleasesURL     = "https://antigravity-auto-updater-974169037036.us-central1.run.app/releases"
+	antigravityFallbackVersion = "1.21.9"
+	antigravityVersionCacheTTL = 6 * time.Hour
+	antigravityFetchTimeout    = 10 * time.Second
+)
+
+type antigravityRelease struct {
+	Version     string `json:"version"`
+	ExecutionID string `json:"execution_id"`
+}
+
+var (
+	cachedAntigravityVersion = antigravityFallbackVersion
+	antigravityVersionMu     sync.RWMutex
+	antigravityVersionExpiry time.Time
+	antigravityUpdaterOnce   sync.Once
+)
+
+// StartAntigravityVersionUpdater starts a background goroutine that periodically refreshes the cached antigravity version.
+// This is intentionally decoupled from request execution to avoid blocking executors on version lookups.
+func StartAntigravityVersionUpdater(ctx context.Context) {
+	antigravityUpdaterOnce.Do(func() {
+		go runAntigravityVersionUpdater(ctx)
+	})
+}
+
+func runAntigravityVersionUpdater(ctx context.Context) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(antigravityVersionCacheTTL / 2)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	log.Infof("periodic antigravity version refresh started (interval=%s)", antigravityVersionCacheTTL/2)
+
+	refreshAntigravityVersion(ctx)
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			refreshAntigravityVersion(ctx)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func refreshAntigravityVersion(ctx context.Context) {
+	version, errFetch := fetchAntigravityLatestVersion(ctx)
+
+	antigravityVersionMu.Lock()
+	defer antigravityVersionMu.Unlock()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	if errFetch == nil {
+		cachedAntigravityVersion = version
+		antigravityVersionExpiry = now.Add(antigravityVersionCacheTTL)
+		log.WithField("version", version).Info("fetched latest antigravity version")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if cachedAntigravityVersion == "" || now.After(antigravityVersionExpiry) {
+		cachedAntigravityVersion = antigravityFallbackVersion
+		antigravityVersionExpiry = now.Add(antigravityVersionCacheTTL)
+		log.WithError(errFetch).Warn("failed to refresh antigravity version, using fallback version")
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.WithError(errFetch).Debug("failed to refresh antigravity version, keeping cached value")
+}
+
+// AntigravityLatestVersion returns the cached antigravity version refreshed by StartAntigravityVersionUpdater.
+// It falls back to antigravityFallbackVersion if the cache is empty or stale.
+func AntigravityLatestVersion() string {
+	antigravityVersionMu.RLock()
+	if cachedAntigravityVersion != "" && time.Now().Before(antigravityVersionExpiry) {
+		v := cachedAntigravityVersion
+		antigravityVersionMu.RUnlock()
+		return v
+	}
+	antigravityVersionMu.RUnlock()
+
+	return antigravityFallbackVersion
+}
+
+// AntigravityUserAgent returns the User-Agent string for antigravity requests
+// using the latest version fetched from the releases API.
+func AntigravityUserAgent() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("antigravity/%s darwin/arm64", AntigravityLatestVersion())
+}
+
+func fetchAntigravityLatestVersion(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: antigravityFetchTimeout}
+
+	httpReq, errReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, antigravityReleasesURL, nil)
+	if errReq != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("build antigravity releases request: %w", errReq)
+	}
+
+	resp, errDo := client.Do(httpReq)
+	if errDo != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("fetch antigravity releases: %w", errDo)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+			log.WithError(errClose).Warn("antigravity releases response body close error")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("antigravity releases API returned status %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	var releases []antigravityRelease
+	if errDecode := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&releases); errDecode != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("decode antigravity releases response: %w", errDecode)
+	}
+
+	if len(releases) == 0 {
+		return "", errors.New("antigravity releases API returned empty list")
+	}
+
+	version := releases[0].Version
+	if version == "" {
+		return "", errors.New("antigravity releases API returned empty version")
+	}
+
+	return version, nil
+}

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/runtime/executor/helps"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ const (
 	antigravityGeneratePath        = "/v1internal:generateContent"
 	antigravityClientID            = "1071006060591-tmhssin2h21lcre235vtolojh4g403ep.apps.googleusercontent.com"
 	antigravityClientSecret        = "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"
-	defaultAntigravityAgent        = "antigravity/1.21.9 darwin/arm64"
+	defaultAntigravityAgent        = "antigravity/1.21.9 darwin/arm64" // fallback only; overridden at runtime by misc.AntigravityUserAgent()
 	antigravityAuthType            = "antigravity"
 	refreshSkew                    = 3000 * time.Second
 	antigravityCreditsRetryTTL     = 5 * time.Hour
@@ -1739,7 +1740,7 @@ func resolveUserAgent(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return defaultAntigravityAgent
+	return misc.AntigravityUserAgent()
 }
 
 func antigravityRetryAttempts(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *config.Config) int {

internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go

@@ -172,32 +172,101 @@ func timeUntilNextDay() time.Duration {
 	return tomorrow.Sub(now)
 }
 
-// ensureQwenSystemMessage prepends a default system message if none exists in "messages".
+// ensureQwenSystemMessage ensures the request has a single system message at the beginning.
+// It always injects the default system prompt and merges any user-provided system messages
+// into the injected system message content to satisfy Qwen's strict message ordering rules.
 func ensureQwenSystemMessage(payload []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	messages := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "messages")
+	isInjectedSystemPart := func(part gjson.Result) bool {
-	if messages.Exists() && messages.IsArray() {
+		if !part.Exists() || !part.IsObject() {
-		var buf bytes.Buffer
+			return false
-		buf.WriteByte('[')
-		buf.Write(qwenDefaultSystemMessage)
-		for _, msg := range messages.Array() {
-			buf.WriteByte(',')
-			buf.WriteString(msg.Raw)
 		}
-		buf.WriteByte(']')
+		if !strings.EqualFold(part.Get("type").String(), "text") {
-		updated, errSet := sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "messages", buf.Bytes())
+			return false
-		if errSet != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("qwen executor: set default system message failed: %w", errSet)
 		}
-		return updated, nil
+		if !strings.EqualFold(part.Get("cache_control.type").String(), "ephemeral") {
+			return false
+		}
+		text := part.Get("text").String()
+		return text == "" || text == "You are Qwen Code."
 	}
 
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	defaultParts := gjson.ParseBytes(qwenDefaultSystemMessage).Get("content")
-	buf.WriteByte('[')
+	var systemParts []any
-	buf.Write(qwenDefaultSystemMessage)
+	if defaultParts.Exists() && defaultParts.IsArray() {
-	buf.WriteByte(']')
+		for _, part := range defaultParts.Array() {
-	updated, errSet := sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "messages", buf.Bytes())
+			systemParts = append(systemParts, part.Value())
+		}
+	}
+	if len(systemParts) == 0 {
+		systemParts = append(systemParts, map[string]any{
+			"type": "text",
+			"text": "You are Qwen Code.",
+			"cache_control": map[string]any{
+				"type": "ephemeral",
+			},
+		})
+	}
+
+	appendSystemContent := func(content gjson.Result) {
+		makeTextPart := func(text string) map[string]any {
+			return map[string]any{
+				"type": "text",
+				"text": text,
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !content.Exists() || content.Type == gjson.Null {
+			return
+		}
+		if content.IsArray() {
+			for _, part := range content.Array() {
+				if part.Type == gjson.String {
+					systemParts = append(systemParts, makeTextPart(part.String()))
+					continue
+				}
+				if isInjectedSystemPart(part) {
+					continue
+				}
+				systemParts = append(systemParts, part.Value())
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		if content.Type == gjson.String {
+			systemParts = append(systemParts, makeTextPart(content.String()))
+			return
+		}
+		if content.IsObject() {
+			if isInjectedSystemPart(content) {
+				return
+			}
+			systemParts = append(systemParts, content.Value())
+			return
+		}
+		systemParts = append(systemParts, makeTextPart(content.String()))
+	}
+
+	messages := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "messages")
+	var nonSystemMessages []any
+	if messages.Exists() && messages.IsArray() {
+		for _, msg := range messages.Array() {
+			if strings.EqualFold(msg.Get("role").String(), "system") {
+				appendSystemContent(msg.Get("content"))
+				continue
+			}
+			nonSystemMessages = append(nonSystemMessages, msg.Value())
+		}
+	}
+
+	newMessages := make([]any, 0, 1+len(nonSystemMessages))
+	newMessages = append(newMessages, map[string]any{
+		"role":    "system",
+		"content": systemParts,
+	})
+	newMessages = append(newMessages, nonSystemMessages...)
+
+	updated, errSet := sjson.SetBytes(payload, "messages", newMessages)
 	if errSet != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("qwen executor: set default system message failed: %w", errSet)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("qwen executor: set system message failed: %w", errSet)
 	}
 	return updated, nil
 }

internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 )
 
 func TestQwenExecutorParseSuffix(t *testing.T) {
@@ -28,3 +29,123 @@ func TestQwenExecutorParseSuffix(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestEnsureQwenSystemMessage_MergeStringSystem(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"model": "qwen3.6-plus",
+		"stream": true,
+		"messages": [
+			{ "role": "system", "content": "ABCDEFG" },
+			{ "role": "user", "content": [ { "type": "text", "text": "你好" } ] }
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out, err := ensureQwenSystemMessage(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ensureQwenSystemMessage() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	msgs := gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages").Array()
+	if len(msgs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages length = %d, want 2", len(msgs))
+	}
+	if msgs[0].Get("role").String() != "system" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].role = %q, want %q", msgs[0].Get("role").String(), "system")
+	}
+	parts := msgs[0].Get("content").Array()
+	if len(parts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content length = %d, want 2", len(parts))
+	}
+	if parts[0].Get("text").String() != "You are Qwen Code." || parts[0].Get("cache_control.type").String() != "ephemeral" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content[0] = %s, want injected system part", parts[0].Raw)
+	}
+	if parts[1].Get("type").String() != "text" || parts[1].Get("text").String() != "ABCDEFG" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content[1] = %s, want text part with ABCDEFG", parts[1].Raw)
+	}
+	if msgs[1].Get("role").String() != "user" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[1].role = %q, want %q", msgs[1].Get("role").String(), "user")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureQwenSystemMessage_MergeObjectSystem(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"messages": [
+			{ "role": "system", "content": { "type": "text", "text": "ABCDEFG" } },
+			{ "role": "user", "content": [ { "type": "text", "text": "你好" } ] }
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out, err := ensureQwenSystemMessage(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ensureQwenSystemMessage() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	msgs := gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages").Array()
+	if len(msgs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages length = %d, want 2", len(msgs))
+	}
+	parts := msgs[0].Get("content").Array()
+	if len(parts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content length = %d, want 2", len(parts))
+	}
+	if parts[1].Get("text").String() != "ABCDEFG" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content[1].text = %q, want %q", parts[1].Get("text").String(), "ABCDEFG")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureQwenSystemMessage_PrependsWhenMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"messages": [
+			{ "role": "user", "content": [ { "type": "text", "text": "你好" } ] }
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out, err := ensureQwenSystemMessage(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ensureQwenSystemMessage() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	msgs := gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages").Array()
+	if len(msgs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages length = %d, want 2", len(msgs))
+	}
+	if msgs[0].Get("role").String() != "system" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].role = %q, want %q", msgs[0].Get("role").String(), "system")
+	}
+	if !msgs[0].Get("content").IsArray() || len(msgs[0].Get("content").Array()) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content = %s, want non-empty array", msgs[0].Get("content").Raw)
+	}
+	if msgs[1].Get("role").String() != "user" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[1].role = %q, want %q", msgs[1].Get("role").String(), "user")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureQwenSystemMessage_MergesMultipleSystemMessages(t *testing.T) {
+	payload := []byte(`{
+		"messages": [
+			{ "role": "system", "content": "A" },
+			{ "role": "user", "content": [ { "type": "text", "text": "hi" } ] },
+			{ "role": "system", "content": "B" }
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out, err := ensureQwenSystemMessage(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ensureQwenSystemMessage() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	msgs := gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages").Array()
+	if len(msgs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages length = %d, want 2", len(msgs))
+	}
+	parts := msgs[0].Get("content").Array()
+	if len(parts) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content length = %d, want 3", len(parts))
+	}
+	if parts[1].Get("text").String() != "A" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content[1].text = %q, want %q", parts[1].Get("text").String(), "A")
+	}
+	if parts[2].Get("text").String() != "B" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages[0].content[2].text = %q, want %q", parts[2].Get("text").String(), "B")
+	}
+}