Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/dev' into dev

# Conflicts:
#	internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

@@ -55,8 +55,78 @@ const (
 var (
 	randSource      = rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
 	randSourceMutex sync.Mutex
+	// antigravityPrimaryModelsCache keeps the latest non-empty model list fetched
+	// from any antigravity auth. Empty fetches never overwrite this cache.
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache struct {
+		mu     sync.RWMutex
+		models []*registry.ModelInfo
+	}
 )
 
+func cloneAntigravityModels(models []*registry.ModelInfo) []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]*registry.ModelInfo, 0, len(models))
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil || strings.TrimSpace(model.ID) == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, cloneAntigravityModelInfo(model))
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func cloneAntigravityModelInfo(model *registry.ModelInfo) *registry.ModelInfo {
+	if model == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	clone := *model
+	if len(model.SupportedGenerationMethods) > 0 {
+		clone.SupportedGenerationMethods = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedGenerationMethods...)
+	}
+	if len(model.SupportedParameters) > 0 {
+		clone.SupportedParameters = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedParameters...)
+	}
+	if model.Thinking != nil {
+		thinkingClone := *model.Thinking
+		if len(model.Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+			thinkingClone.Levels = append([]string(nil), model.Thinking.Levels...)
+		}
+		clone.Thinking = &thinkingClone
+	}
+	return &clone
+}
+
+func storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(models []*registry.ModelInfo) bool {
+	cloned := cloneAntigravityModels(models)
+	if len(cloned) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Lock()
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models = cloned
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Unlock()
+	return true
+}
+
+func loadAntigravityPrimaryModels() []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.RLock()
+	cloned := cloneAntigravityModels(antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models)
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.RUnlock()
+	return cloned
+}
+
+func fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels() []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	models := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(models) > 0 {
+		log.Debugf("antigravity executor: using cached primary model list (%d models)", len(models))
+	}
+	return models
+}
+
 // AntigravityExecutor proxies requests to the antigravity upstream.
 type AntigravityExecutor struct {
 	cfg *config.Config
@@ -1072,7 +1142,7 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 	exec := &AntigravityExecutor{cfg: cfg}
 	token, updatedAuth, errToken := exec.ensureAccessToken(ctx, auth)
 	if errToken != nil || token == "" {
-		return nil
+		return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 	}
 	if updatedAuth != nil {
 		auth = updatedAuth
@@ -1096,7 +1166,7 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 
 		httpReq, errReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, modelsURL, bytes.NewReader(payload))
 		if errReq != nil {
-			return nil
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 		httpReq.Close = true
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
@@ -1109,14 +1179,13 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
-				return nil
+				return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 			}
 			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request error on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Errorf("antigravity executor: models request failed: %v", errDo)
-			return nil
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		bodyBytes, errRead := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -1128,21 +1197,27 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models read error on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Errorf("antigravity executor: models read body failed: %v", errRead)
-			return nil
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 		if httpResp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || httpResp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
 			if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request rate limited on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Errorf("antigravity executor: models request error status %d: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, string(bodyBytes))
-			return nil
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request failed with status %d on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		result := gjson.GetBytes(bodyBytes, "models")
 		if !result.Exists() {
-			return nil
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models field missing on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		now := time.Now().Unix()
@@ -1210,9 +1285,18 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 			}
 			models = append(models, modelInfo)
 		}
+		if len(models) == 0 {
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: empty models list on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			log.Debug("antigravity executor: fetched empty model list; retaining cached primary model list")
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+		}
+		storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(models)
 		return models
 	}
-	return nil
+	return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 }
 
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ensureAccessToken(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) (string, *cliproxyauth.Auth, error) {

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor_models_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+)
+
+func resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest() {
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Lock()
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models = nil
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+func TestStoreAntigravityPrimaryModels_EmptyDoesNotOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
+	resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest()
+	t.Cleanup(resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest)
+
+	seed := []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "claude-sonnet-4-5"},
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro"},
+	}
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(seed); !updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-empty model list to update primary cache")
+	}
+
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(nil); updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected nil model list not to overwrite primary cache")
+	}
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels([]*registry.ModelInfo{}); updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected empty model list not to overwrite primary cache")
+	}
+
+	got := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model count 2, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+	if got[0].ID != "claude-sonnet-4-5" || got[1].ID != "gemini-2.5-pro" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected cached model ids: %q, %q", got[0].ID, got[1].ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadAntigravityPrimaryModels_ReturnsClone(t *testing.T) {
+	resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest()
+	t.Cleanup(resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest)
+
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels([]*registry.ModelInfo{{
+		ID:                         "gpt-5",
+		DisplayName:                "GPT-5",
+		SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent"},
+		SupportedParameters:        []string{"temperature"},
+		Thinking: &registry.ThinkingSupport{
+			Levels: []string{"high"},
+		},
+	}}); !updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected model cache update")
+	}
+
+	got := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one cached model, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+	got[0].ID = "mutated-id"
+	if len(got[0].SupportedGenerationMethods) > 0 {
+		got[0].SupportedGenerationMethods[0] = "mutated-method"
+	}
+	if len(got[0].SupportedParameters) > 0 {
+		got[0].SupportedParameters[0] = "mutated-parameter"
+	}
+	if got[0].Thinking != nil && len(got[0].Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+		got[0].Thinking.Levels[0] = "mutated-level"
+	}
+
+	again := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(again) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one cached model after mutation, got %d", len(again))
+	}
+	if again[0].ID != "gpt-5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model id to remain %q, got %q", "gpt-5", again[0].ID)
+	}
+	if len(again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods) == 0 || again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods[0] != "generateContent" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached generation methods to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods)
+	}
+	if len(again[0].SupportedParameters) == 0 || again[0].SupportedParameters[0] != "temperature" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached supported parameters to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].SupportedParameters)
+	}
+	if again[0].Thinking == nil || len(again[0].Thinking.Levels) == 0 || again[0].Thinking.Levels[0] != "high" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model thinking levels to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].Thinking)
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor.go

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, b)
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) executeCompact(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, b)
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 		}
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), data))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(data)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, data)
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	out := make(chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk)
@@ -673,6 +673,35 @@ func applyCodexHeaders(r *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, token string, s
 	util.ApplyCustomHeadersFromAttrs(r, attrs)
 }
 
+func newCodexStatusErr(statusCode int, body []byte) statusErr {
+	err := statusErr{code: statusCode, msg: string(body)}
+	if retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(statusCode, body, time.Now()); retryAfter != nil {
+		err.retryAfter = retryAfter
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func parseCodexRetryAfter(statusCode int, errorBody []byte, now time.Time) *time.Duration {
+	if statusCode != http.StatusTooManyRequests || len(errorBody) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.type").String()) != "usage_limit_reached" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if resetsAt := gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.resets_at").Int(); resetsAt > 0 {
+		resetAtTime := time.Unix(resetsAt, 0)
+		if resetAtTime.After(now) {
+			retryAfter := resetAtTime.Sub(now)
+			return &retryAfter
+		}
+	}
+	if resetsInSeconds := gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.resets_in_seconds").Int(); resetsInSeconds > 0 {
+		retryAfter := time.Duration(resetsInSeconds) * time.Second
+		return &retryAfter
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func codexCreds(a *cliproxyauth.Auth) (apiKey, baseURL string) {
 	if a == nil {
 		return "", ""

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor_retry_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestParseCodexRetryAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Unix(1_700_000_000, 0)
+
+	t.Run("resets_in_seconds", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_in_seconds":123}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 123*time.Second {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 123*time.Second)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("prefers resets_at", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resetAt := now.Add(5 * time.Minute).Unix()
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_at":` + itoa(resetAt) + `,"resets_in_seconds":1}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 5*time.Minute {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 5*time.Minute)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("fallback when resets_at is past", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resetAt := now.Add(-1 * time.Minute).Unix()
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_at":` + itoa(resetAt) + `,"resets_in_seconds":77}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 77*time.Second {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 77*time.Second)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non-429 status code", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_in_seconds":30}}`)
+		if got := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusBadRequest, body, now); got != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected nil for non-429, got %v", *got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non usage_limit_reached error type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"server_error","resets_in_seconds":30}}`)
+		if got := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now); got != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected nil for non-usage_limit_reached, got %v", *got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func itoa(v int64) string {
+	return strconv.FormatInt(v, 10)
+}

internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	qwenauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/qwen"
@@ -22,9 +23,151 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	qwenUserAgent = "QwenCode/0.10.3 (darwin; arm64)"
+	qwenUserAgent       = "QwenCode/0.10.3 (darwin; arm64)"
+	qwenRateLimitPerMin = 60          // 60 requests per minute per credential
+	qwenRateLimitWindow = time.Minute // sliding window duration
 )
 
+// qwenBeijingLoc caches the Beijing timezone to avoid repeated LoadLocation syscalls.
+var qwenBeijingLoc = func() *time.Location {
+	loc, err := time.LoadLocation("Asia/Shanghai")
+	if err != nil || loc == nil {
+		log.Warnf("qwen: failed to load Asia/Shanghai timezone: %v, using fixed UTC+8", err)
+		return time.FixedZone("CST", 8*3600)
+	}
+	return loc
+}()
+
+// qwenQuotaCodes is a package-level set of error codes that indicate quota exhaustion.
+var qwenQuotaCodes = map[string]struct{}{
+	"insufficient_quota": {},
+	"quota_exceeded":     {},
+}
+
+// qwenRateLimiter tracks request timestamps per credential for rate limiting.
+// Qwen has a limit of 60 requests per minute per account.
+var qwenRateLimiter = struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+	requests map[string][]time.Time // authID -> request timestamps
+}{
+	requests: make(map[string][]time.Time),
+}
+
+// redactAuthID returns a redacted version of the auth ID for safe logging.
+// Keeps a small prefix/suffix to allow correlation across events.
+func redactAuthID(id string) string {
+	if id == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if len(id) <= 8 {
+		return id
+	}
+	return id[:4] + "..." + id[len(id)-4:]
+}
+
+// checkQwenRateLimit checks if the credential has exceeded the rate limit.
+// Returns nil if allowed, or a statusErr with retryAfter if rate limited.
+func checkQwenRateLimit(authID string) error {
+	if authID == "" {
+		// Empty authID should not bypass rate limiting in production
+		// Use debug level to avoid log spam for certain auth flows
+		log.Debug("qwen rate limit check: empty authID, skipping rate limit")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	windowStart := now.Add(-qwenRateLimitWindow)
+
+	qwenRateLimiter.Lock()
+	defer qwenRateLimiter.Unlock()
+
+	// Get and filter timestamps within the window
+	timestamps := qwenRateLimiter.requests[authID]
+	var validTimestamps []time.Time
+	for _, ts := range timestamps {
+		if ts.After(windowStart) {
+			validTimestamps = append(validTimestamps, ts)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Always prune expired entries to prevent memory leak
+	// Delete empty entries, otherwise update with pruned slice
+	if len(validTimestamps) == 0 {
+		delete(qwenRateLimiter.requests, authID)
+	}
+
+	// Check if rate limit exceeded
+	if len(validTimestamps) >= qwenRateLimitPerMin {
+		// Calculate when the oldest request will expire
+		oldestInWindow := validTimestamps[0]
+		retryAfter := oldestInWindow.Add(qwenRateLimitWindow).Sub(now)
+		if retryAfter < time.Second {
+			retryAfter = time.Second
+		}
+		retryAfterSec := int(retryAfter.Seconds())
+		return statusErr{
+			code:       http.StatusTooManyRequests,
+			msg:        fmt.Sprintf(`{"error":{"code":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"Qwen rate limit: %d requests/minute exceeded, retry after %ds","type":"rate_limit_exceeded"}}`, qwenRateLimitPerMin, retryAfterSec),
+			retryAfter: &retryAfter,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Record this request and update the map with pruned timestamps
+	validTimestamps = append(validTimestamps, now)
+	qwenRateLimiter.requests[authID] = validTimestamps
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isQwenQuotaError checks if the error response indicates a quota exceeded error.
+// Qwen returns HTTP 403 with error.code="insufficient_quota" when daily quota is exhausted.
+func isQwenQuotaError(body []byte) bool {
+	code := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "error.code").String())
+	errType := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "error.type").String())
+
+	// Primary check: exact match on error.code or error.type (most reliable)
+	if _, ok := qwenQuotaCodes[code]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+	if _, ok := qwenQuotaCodes[errType]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Fallback: check message only if code/type don't match (less reliable)
+	msg := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "error.message").String())
+	if strings.Contains(msg, "insufficient_quota") || strings.Contains(msg, "quota exceeded") ||
+		strings.Contains(msg, "free allocated quota exceeded") {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// wrapQwenError wraps an HTTP error response, detecting quota errors and mapping them to 429.
+// Returns the appropriate status code and retryAfter duration for statusErr.
+// Only checks for quota errors when httpCode is 403 or 429 to avoid false positives.
+func wrapQwenError(ctx context.Context, httpCode int, body []byte) (errCode int, retryAfter *time.Duration) {
+	errCode = httpCode
+	// Only check quota errors for expected status codes to avoid false positives
+	// Qwen returns 403 for quota errors, 429 for rate limits
+	if (httpCode == http.StatusForbidden || httpCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests) && isQwenQuotaError(body) {
+		errCode = http.StatusTooManyRequests // Map to 429 to trigger quota logic
+		cooldown := timeUntilNextDay()
+		retryAfter = &cooldown
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Warnf("qwen quota exceeded (http %d -> %d), cooling down until tomorrow (%v)", httpCode, errCode, cooldown)
+	}
+	return errCode, retryAfter
+}
+
+// timeUntilNextDay returns duration until midnight Beijing time (UTC+8).
+// Qwen's daily quota resets at 00:00 Beijing time.
+func timeUntilNextDay() time.Duration {
+	now := time.Now()
+	nowLocal := now.In(qwenBeijingLoc)
+	tomorrow := time.Date(nowLocal.Year(), nowLocal.Month(), nowLocal.Day()+1, 0, 0, 0, 0, qwenBeijingLoc)
+	return tomorrow.Sub(now)
+}
+
 // QwenExecutor is a stateless executor for Qwen Code using OpenAI-compatible chat completions.
 // If access token is unavailable, it falls back to legacy via ClientAdapter.
 type QwenExecutor struct {
@@ -67,6 +210,17 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 	if opts.Alt == "responses/compact" {
 		return resp, statusErr{code: http.StatusNotImplemented, msg: "/responses/compact not supported"}
 	}
+
+	// Check rate limit before proceeding
+	var authID string
+	if auth != nil {
+		authID = auth.ID
+	}
+	if err := checkQwenRateLimit(authID); err != nil {
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Warnf("qwen rate limit exceeded for credential %s", redactAuthID(authID))
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
 	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
 	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
@@ -102,9 +256,8 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	applyQwenHeaders(httpReq, token, false)
-	var authID, authLabel, authType, authValue string
+	var authLabel, authType, authValue string
 	if auth != nil {
-		authID = auth.ID
 		authLabel = auth.Label
 		authType, authValue = auth.AccountInfo()
 	}
@@ -135,8 +288,10 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
-		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+
+		errCode, retryAfter := wrapQwenError(ctx, httpResp.StatusCode, b)
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d (mapped: %d), error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, errCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
+		err = statusErr{code: errCode, msg: string(b), retryAfter: retryAfter}
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -158,6 +313,17 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	if opts.Alt == "responses/compact" {
 		return nil, statusErr{code: http.StatusNotImplemented, msg: "/responses/compact not supported"}
 	}
+
+	// Check rate limit before proceeding
+	var authID string
+	if auth != nil {
+		authID = auth.ID
+	}
+	if err := checkQwenRateLimit(authID); err != nil {
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Warnf("qwen rate limit exceeded for credential %s", redactAuthID(authID))
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
 	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
@@ -200,9 +366,8 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	applyQwenHeaders(httpReq, token, true)
-	var authID, authLabel, authType, authValue string
+	var authLabel, authType, authValue string
 	if auth != nil {
-		authID = auth.ID
 		authLabel = auth.Label
 		authType, authValue = auth.AccountInfo()
 	}
@@ -228,11 +393,13 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
-		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
+
+		errCode, retryAfter := wrapQwenError(ctx, httpResp.StatusCode, b)
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d (mapped: %d), error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, errCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
 		if errClose := httpResp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
 			log.Errorf("qwen executor: close response body error: %v", errClose)
 		}
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = statusErr{code: errCode, msg: string(b), retryAfter: retryAfter}
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	out := make(chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk)