diff --git a/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go b/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go
index 146be5c1..07ad0b3b 100644
--- a/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go
+++ b/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -153,6 +154,40 @@ func wrapQwenError(ctx context.Context, httpCode int, body []byte) (errCode int,
 	return errCode, retryAfter
 }
 
+func qwenDisableCooling(cfg *config.Config, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) bool {
+	if auth != nil {
+		if override, ok := auth.DisableCoolingOverride(); ok {
+			return override
+		}
+	}
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return cfg.DisableCooling
+}
+
+func parseRetryAfterHeader(header http.Header, now time.Time) *time.Duration {
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(header.Get("Retry-After"))
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if seconds, err := strconv.Atoi(raw); err == nil {
+		if seconds <= 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		d := time.Duration(seconds) * time.Second
+		return &d
+	}
+	if at, err := http.ParseTime(raw); err == nil {
+		if !at.After(now) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		d := at.Sub(now)
+		return &d
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ensureQwenSystemMessage ensures the request has a single system message at the beginning.
 // It always injects the default system prompt and merges any user-provided system messages
 // into the injected system message content to satisfy Qwen's strict message ordering rules.
@@ -384,6 +419,13 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 			}
 
 			errCode, retryAfter := wrapQwenError(ctx, httpResp.StatusCode, b)
+			if errCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && retryAfter == nil {
+				retryAfter = parseRetryAfterHeader(httpResp.Header, time.Now())
+			}
+			if errCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && retryAfter == nil && qwenDisableCooling(e.cfg, auth) && isQwenQuotaError(b) {
+				defaultRetryAfter := time.Second
+				retryAfter = &defaultRetryAfter
+			}
 			helps.LogWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d (mapped: %d), error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, errCode, helps.SummarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
 
 			err = statusErr{code: errCode, msg: string(b), retryAfter: retryAfter}
@@ -511,6 +553,13 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 			}
 
 			errCode, retryAfter := wrapQwenError(ctx, httpResp.StatusCode, b)
+			if errCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && retryAfter == nil {
+				retryAfter = parseRetryAfterHeader(httpResp.Header, time.Now())
+			}
+			if errCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && retryAfter == nil && qwenDisableCooling(e.cfg, auth) && isQwenQuotaError(b) {
+				defaultRetryAfter := time.Second
+				retryAfter = &defaultRetryAfter
+			}
 			helps.LogWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d (mapped: %d), error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, errCode, helps.SummarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
 
 			err = statusErr{code: errCode, msg: string(b), retryAfter: retryAfter}
diff --git a/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor_test.go b/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor_test.go
index f6363f66..f19cc8ca 100644
--- a/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor_test.go
+++ b/internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor_test.go
@@ -378,3 +378,237 @@ func TestQwenExecutorExecuteStream_429DoesNotRefreshOrRetry(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("refresher calls = %d, want 0", atomic.LoadInt32(&refresherCalls))
 	}
 }
+
+func TestQwenExecutorExecute_429RetryAfterHeaderPropagatesToStatusErr(t *testing.T) {
+	qwenRateLimiter.Lock()
+	qwenRateLimiter.requests = make(map[string][]time.Time)
+	qwenRateLimiter.Unlock()
+
+	var calls int32
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&calls, 1)
+		if r.URL.Path != "/v1/chat/completions" {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		w.Header().Set("Retry-After", "2")
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"error":{"code":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"rate limited","type":"rate_limit_exceeded"}}`))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	exec := NewQwenExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "auth-test",
+		Provider: "qwen",
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"base_url": srv.URL + "/v1",
+		},
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"access_token": "test-token",
+		},
+	}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	_, err := exec.Execute(ctx, auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "qwen-max",
+		Payload: []byte(`{"model":"qwen-max","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`),
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("openai"),
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	status, ok := err.(statusErr)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() error type = %T, want statusErr", err)
+	}
+	if status.StatusCode() != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() status code = %d, want %d", status.StatusCode(), http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+	}
+	if status.RetryAfter() == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() RetryAfter is nil, want non-nil")
+	}
+	if got := *status.RetryAfter(); got != 2*time.Second {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() RetryAfter = %v, want %v", got, 2*time.Second)
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("upstream calls = %d, want 1", atomic.LoadInt32(&calls))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQwenExecutorExecuteStream_429RetryAfterHeaderPropagatesToStatusErr(t *testing.T) {
+	qwenRateLimiter.Lock()
+	qwenRateLimiter.requests = make(map[string][]time.Time)
+	qwenRateLimiter.Unlock()
+
+	var calls int32
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&calls, 1)
+		if r.URL.Path != "/v1/chat/completions" {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		w.Header().Set("Retry-After", "2")
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"error":{"code":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"rate limited","type":"rate_limit_exceeded"}}`))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	exec := NewQwenExecutor(&config.Config{})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "auth-test",
+		Provider: "qwen",
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"base_url": srv.URL + "/v1",
+		},
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"access_token": "test-token",
+		},
+	}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	_, err := exec.ExecuteStream(ctx, auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "qwen-max",
+		Payload: []byte(`{"model":"qwen-max","stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`),
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("openai"),
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	status, ok := err.(statusErr)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() error type = %T, want statusErr", err)
+	}
+	if status.StatusCode() != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() status code = %d, want %d", status.StatusCode(), http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+	}
+	if status.RetryAfter() == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() RetryAfter is nil, want non-nil")
+	}
+	if got := *status.RetryAfter(); got != 2*time.Second {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() RetryAfter = %v, want %v", got, 2*time.Second)
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("upstream calls = %d, want 1", atomic.LoadInt32(&calls))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQwenExecutorExecute_429QuotaExhausted_DisableCoolingSetsDefaultRetryAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	qwenRateLimiter.Lock()
+	qwenRateLimiter.requests = make(map[string][]time.Time)
+	qwenRateLimiter.Unlock()
+
+	var calls int32
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&calls, 1)
+		if r.URL.Path != "/v1/chat/completions" {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"error":{"code":"quota_exceeded","message":"quota exceeded","type":"quota_exceeded"}}`))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	exec := NewQwenExecutor(&config.Config{DisableCooling: true})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "auth-test",
+		Provider: "qwen",
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"base_url": srv.URL + "/v1",
+		},
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"access_token": "test-token",
+		},
+	}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	_, err := exec.Execute(ctx, auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "qwen-max",
+		Payload: []byte(`{"model":"qwen-max","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`),
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("openai"),
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	status, ok := err.(statusErr)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() error type = %T, want statusErr", err)
+	}
+	if status.StatusCode() != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() status code = %d, want %d", status.StatusCode(), http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+	}
+	if status.RetryAfter() == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() RetryAfter is nil, want non-nil")
+	}
+	if got := *status.RetryAfter(); got != time.Second {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() RetryAfter = %v, want %v", got, time.Second)
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("upstream calls = %d, want 1", atomic.LoadInt32(&calls))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQwenExecutorExecuteStream_429QuotaExhausted_DisableCoolingSetsDefaultRetryAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	qwenRateLimiter.Lock()
+	qwenRateLimiter.requests = make(map[string][]time.Time)
+	qwenRateLimiter.Unlock()
+
+	var calls int32
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&calls, 1)
+		if r.URL.Path != "/v1/chat/completions" {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"error":{"code":"quota_exceeded","message":"quota exceeded","type":"quota_exceeded"}}`))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	exec := NewQwenExecutor(&config.Config{DisableCooling: true})
+	auth := &cliproxyauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "auth-test",
+		Provider: "qwen",
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"base_url": srv.URL + "/v1",
+		},
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"access_token": "test-token",
+		},
+	}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	_, err := exec.ExecuteStream(ctx, auth, cliproxyexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   "qwen-max",
+		Payload: []byte(`{"model":"qwen-max","stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`),
+	}, cliproxyexecutor.Options{
+		SourceFormat: sdktranslator.FromString("openai"),
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	status, ok := err.(statusErr)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() error type = %T, want statusErr", err)
+	}
+	if status.StatusCode() != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() status code = %d, want %d", status.StatusCode(), http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+	}
+	if status.RetryAfter() == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() RetryAfter is nil, want non-nil")
+	}
+	if got := *status.RetryAfter(); got != time.Second {
+		t.Fatalf("ExecuteStream() RetryAfter = %v, want %v", got, time.Second)
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("upstream calls = %d, want 1", atomic.LoadInt32(&calls))
+	}
+}