CTYPTO/freqtrade
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade.git synced 2026-01-20 14:00:38 +00:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
Files
08cc28b4fcdf998a6fe6947fdc3238b8b6571c55
freqtrade/en/develop/lookahead-analysis/index.html

2434 lines
58 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" class="no-js">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<meta name="description" content="Freqtrade is a free and open source crypto trading bot written in Python, designed to support all major exchanges and be controlled via Telegram or builtin Web UI">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.freqtrade.io/en/stable/lookahead-analysis/">
<link rel="prev" href="../trade-object/">
<link rel="next" href="../recursive-analysis/">
<link rel="icon" href="../images/logo.png">
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.1">
<title>Lookahead analysis - Freqtrade</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.484c7ddc.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/ft.extra.css">
<script>__md_scope=new URL("..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
<script id="__analytics">function __md_analytics(){function e(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],e("js",new Date),e("config","G-VH170LG9M5"),document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(function(){document.forms.search&&document.forms.search.query.addEventListener("blur",(function(){this.value&&e("event","search",{search_term:this.value})}));document$.subscribe((function(){var t=document.forms.feedback;if(void 0!==t)for(var a of t.querySelectorAll("[type=submit]"))a.addEventListener("click",(function(a){a.preventDefault();var n=document.location.pathname,d=this.getAttribute("data-md-value");e("event","feedback",{page:n,data:d}),t.firstElementChild.disabled=!0;var r=t.querySelector(".md-feedback__note [data-md-value='"+d+"']");r&&(r.hidden=!1)})),t.hidden=!1})),location$.subscribe((function(t){e("config","G-VH170LG9M5",{page_path:t.pathname})}))}));var t=document.createElement("script");t.async=!0,t.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-VH170LG9M5",document.getElementById("__analytics").insertAdjacentElement("afterEnd",t)}</script>
<script>"undefined"!=typeof __md_analytics&&__md_analytics()</script>
</head>
<body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="tear">
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
<div data-md-component="skip">
<a href="#lookahead-analysis" class="md-skip">
Skip to content
</a>
</div>
<div data-md-component="announce">
</div>
<div data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-component="outdated" hidden>
</div>
<header class="md-header md-header--shadow" data-md-component="header">
<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
<a href=".." title="Freqtrade" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Freqtrade" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../images/logo.png" alt="logo">
</a>
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
<div class="md-header__topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Freqtrade
</span>
</div>
<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lookahead analysis
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="tear" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 6H7c-3.31 0-6 2.69-6 6s2.69 6 6 6h10c3.31 0 6-2.69 6-6s-2.69-6-6-6m0 10H7c-2.21 0-4-1.79-4-4s1.79-4 4-4h10c2.21 0 4 1.79 4 4s-1.79 4-4 4M7 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3 3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3"/></svg>
</label>
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="tear" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7H7a5 5 0 0 0-5 5 5 5 0 0 0 5 5h10a5 5 0 0 0 5-5 5 5 0 0 0-5-5m0 8a3 3 0 0 1-3-3 3 3 0 0 1 3-3 3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1-3 3"/></svg>
</label>
</form>
<script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
</label>
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
</a>
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
</button>
</nav>
</form>
<div class="md-search__output">
<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
Initializing search
</div>
<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-header__source">
<a href="https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
GitHub
</div>
</a>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
<!-- Main navigation -->
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary" aria-label="Navigation" data-md-level="0">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
<a href=".." title="Freqtrade" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Freqtrade" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../images/logo.png" alt="logo">
</a>
Freqtrade
</label>
<div class="md-nav__source">
<a href="https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
GitHub
</div>
</a>
</div>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href=".." class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Home
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../docker_quickstart/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Quickstart with Docker
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Installation
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Installation
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../installation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux/MacOS/Raspberry
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../windows_installation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../bot-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Freqtrade Basics
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../configuration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../strategy-101/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Strategy Quickstart
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../strategy-customization/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Strategy Customization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../strategy-callbacks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Strategy Callbacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../stoploss/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Stoploss
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../plugins/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Plugins
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../bot-usage/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Start the bot
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Control the bot
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Control the bot
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../telegram-usage/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Telegram
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freq-ui/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
freqUI
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../rest-api/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
REST API
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../webhook-config/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Hook
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../data-download/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Data Downloading
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../backtesting/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Backtesting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../hyperopt/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hyperopt
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
FreqAI
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
FreqAI
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freqai/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freqai-configuration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freqai-parameter-table/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Parameter table
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freqai-feature-engineering/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Feature engineering
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freqai-running/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Running FreqAI
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freqai-reinforcement-learning/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Reinforcement Learning
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../freqai-developers/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Developer guide
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../leverage/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Short / Leverage
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../utils/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Utility Sub-commands
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../plotting/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Plotting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../exchanges/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Exchange-specific Notes
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Data Analysis
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Data Analysis
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../data-analysis/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Jupyter Notebooks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../strategy_analysis_example/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Strategy analysis
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../advanced-backtesting/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Backtest analysis
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_22" checked>
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_22" id="__nav_22_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Advanced Topics
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_22_label" aria-expanded="true">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_22">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Advanced Topics
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../advanced-setup/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Advanced Post-installation Tasks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../trade-object/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Trade Object
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lookahead analysis
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lookahead analysis
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#lookahead-analysis-command-reference" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lookahead-analysis command reference
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Lookahead-analysis command reference">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#introduction" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#how-does-the-command-work" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
How does the command work?
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#how-to-find-and-remove-bias-how-can-i-salvage-a-biased-strategy" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
How to find and remove bias? How can I salvage a biased strategy?
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#examples-of-lookahead-bias" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Examples of lookahead-bias
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#what-do-the-columns-in-the-results-table-mean" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
What do the columns in the results table mean?
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#caveats" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Caveats
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../recursive-analysis/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Recursive analysis
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../strategy-advanced/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Advanced Strategy
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../advanced-hyperopt/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Advanced Hyperopt
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../advanced-orderflow/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Orderflow
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../producer-consumer/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Producer/Consumer mode
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../sql_cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Cheat-sheet
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../faq/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
FAQ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../strategy_migration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Strategy migration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../updating/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Updating Freqtrade
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../deprecated/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Deprecated Features
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../developer/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Contributors Guide
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Table of contents -->
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#lookahead-analysis-command-reference" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lookahead-analysis command reference
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Lookahead-analysis command reference">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#introduction" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#how-does-the-command-work" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
How does the command work?
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#how-to-find-and-remove-bias-how-can-i-salvage-a-biased-strategy" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
How to find and remove bias? How can I salvage a biased strategy?
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#examples-of-lookahead-bias" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Examples of lookahead-bias
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#what-do-the-columns-in-the-results-table-mean" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
What do the columns in the results table mean?
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#caveats" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Caveats
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<a href="https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade/edit/develop/docs/lookahead-analysis.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon" rel="edit">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg>
</a>
<h1 id="lookahead-analysis">Lookahead analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#lookahead-analysis" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>This page explains how to validate your strategy in terms of lookahead bias.</p>
<p>Lookahead bias is the bane of any strategy since it is sometimes very easy to introduce this bias, but can be very hard to detect.</p>
<p>Backtesting initializes all timestamps (loads the whole dataframe into memory) and calculates all indicators at once.
This means that if your indicators or entry/exit signals look into future candles, this will falsify your backtest.</p>
<p>The <code>lookahead-analysis</code> command requires historic data to be available.
To learn how to get data for the pairs and exchange you're interested in,
head over to the <a href="../data-download/">Data Downloading</a> section of the documentation.
<code>lookahead-analysis</code> also supports freqai strategies.</p>
<p>This command internally chains backtests and pokes at the strategy to provoke it to show lookahead bias.
This is done by not looking at the strategy code itself, but at changed indicator values and moved entries/exits compared to the full backtest.</p>
<p><code>lookahead-analysis</code> can use the typical options of <a href="../backtesting/">Backtesting</a>, but forces the following options:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--cache</code> is forced to "none".</li>
<li><code>--max-open-trades</code> is forced to be at least equal to the number of pairs.</li>
<li><code>--dry-run-wallet</code> is forced to be basically infinite (1 billion).</li>
<li><code>--stake-amount</code> is forced to be a static 10000 (10k).</li>
<li><code>--enable-protections</code> is forced to be off.</li>
<li><code>order_types</code> are forced to be "market" (late entries) unless <code>--lookahead-allow-limit-orders</code> is set.</li>
</ul>
<p>These are set to avoid users accidentally generating false positives.</p>
<h2 id="lookahead-analysis-command-reference">Lookahead-analysis command reference<a class="headerlink" href="#lookahead-analysis-command-reference" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="go">usage: freqtrade lookahead-analysis [-h] [-v] [--no-color] [--logfile FILE]</span>
<span class="go"> [-V] [-c PATH] [-d PATH] [--userdir PATH]</span>
<span class="go"> [-s NAME] [--strategy-path PATH]</span>
<span class="go"> [--recursive-strategy-search]</span>
<span class="go"> [--freqaimodel NAME]</span>
<span class="go"> [--freqaimodel-path PATH] [-i TIMEFRAME]</span>
<span class="go"> [--timerange TIMERANGE]</span>
<span class="go"> [--data-format-ohlcv {json,jsongz,feather,parquet}]</span>
<span class="go"> [--max-open-trades INT]</span>
<span class="go"> [--stake-amount STAKE_AMOUNT]</span>
<span class="go"> [--fee FLOAT] [-p PAIRS [PAIRS ...]]</span>
<span class="go"> [--enable-protections]</span>
<span class="go"> [--enable-dynamic-pairlist]</span>
<span class="go"> [--dry-run-wallet DRY_RUN_WALLET]</span>
<span class="go"> [--timeframe-detail TIMEFRAME_DETAIL]</span>
<span class="go"> [--strategy-list STRATEGY_LIST [STRATEGY_LIST ...]]</span>
<span class="go"> [--export {none,trades,signals}]</span>
<span class="go"> [--backtest-filename PATH]</span>
<span class="go"> [--backtest-directory PATH]</span>
<span class="go"> [--freqai-backtest-live-models]</span>
<span class="go"> [--minimum-trade-amount INT]</span>
<span class="go"> [--targeted-trade-amount INT]</span>
<span class="go"> [--lookahead-analysis-exportfilename LOOKAHEAD_ANALYSIS_EXPORTFILENAME]</span>
<span class="go"> [--allow-limit-orders]</span>
<span class="go">options:</span>
<span class="go"> -h, --help show this help message and exit</span>
<span class="go"> -i, --timeframe TIMEFRAME</span>
<span class="go"> Specify timeframe (`1m`, `5m`, `30m`, `1h`, `1d`).</span>
<span class="go"> --timerange TIMERANGE</span>
<span class="go"> Specify what timerange of data to use.</span>
<span class="go"> --data-format-ohlcv {json,jsongz,feather,parquet}</span>
<span class="go"> Storage format for downloaded candle (OHLCV) data.</span>
<span class="go"> (default: `feather`).</span>
<span class="go"> --max-open-trades INT</span>
<span class="go"> Override the value of the `max_open_trades`</span>
<span class="go"> configuration setting.</span>
<span class="go"> --stake-amount STAKE_AMOUNT</span>
<span class="go"> Override the value of the `stake_amount` configuration</span>
<span class="go"> setting.</span>
<span class="go"> --fee FLOAT Specify fee ratio. Will be applied twice (on trade</span>
<span class="go"> entry and exit).</span>
<span class="go"> -p, --pairs PAIRS [PAIRS ...]</span>
<span class="go"> Limit command to these pairs. Pairs are space-</span>
<span class="go"> separated.</span>
<span class="go"> --enable-protections, --enableprotections</span>
<span class="go"> Enable protections for backtesting. Will slow</span>
<span class="go"> backtesting down by a considerable amount, but will</span>
<span class="go"> include configured protections</span>
<span class="go"> --enable-dynamic-pairlist</span>
<span class="go"> Enables dynamic pairlist refreshes in backtesting. The</span>
<span class="go"> pairlist will be generated for each new candle if</span>
<span class="go"> you&#39;re using a pairlist handler that supports this</span>
<span class="go"> feature, for example, ShuffleFilter.</span>
<span class="go"> --dry-run-wallet, --starting-balance DRY_RUN_WALLET</span>
<span class="go"> Starting balance, used for backtesting / hyperopt and</span>
<span class="go"> dry-runs.</span>
<span class="go"> --timeframe-detail TIMEFRAME_DETAIL</span>
<span class="go"> Specify detail timeframe for backtesting (`1m`, `5m`,</span>
<span class="go"> `30m`, `1h`, `1d`).</span>
<span class="go"> --strategy-list STRATEGY_LIST [STRATEGY_LIST ...]</span>
<span class="go"> Provide a space-separated list of strategies to</span>
<span class="go"> backtest. Please note that timeframe needs to be set</span>
<span class="go"> either in config or via command line. When using this</span>
<span class="go"> together with `--export trades`, the strategy-name is</span>
<span class="go"> injected into the filename (so `backtest-data.json`</span>
<span class="go"> becomes `backtest-data-SampleStrategy.json`</span>
<span class="go"> --export {none,trades,signals}</span>
<span class="go"> Export backtest results (default: trades).</span>
<span class="go"> --backtest-filename, --export-filename PATH</span>
<span class="go"> Use this filename for backtest results.Example:</span>
<span class="go"> `--backtest-</span>
<span class="go"> filename=backtest_results_2020-09-27_16-20-48.json`.</span>
<span class="go"> Assumes either `user_data/backtest_results/` or</span>
<span class="go"> `--export-directory` as base directory.</span>
<span class="go"> --backtest-directory, --export-directory PATH</span>
<span class="go"> Directory to use for backtest results. Example:</span>
<span class="go"> `--export-directory=user_data/backtest_results/`.</span>
<span class="go"> --freqai-backtest-live-models</span>
<span class="go"> Run backtest with ready models.</span>
<span class="go"> --minimum-trade-amount INT</span>
<span class="go"> Minimum trade amount for lookahead-analysis</span>
<span class="go"> --targeted-trade-amount INT</span>
<span class="go"> Targeted trade amount for lookahead analysis</span>
<span class="go"> --lookahead-analysis-exportfilename LOOKAHEAD_ANALYSIS_EXPORTFILENAME</span>
<span class="go"> Use this csv-filename to store lookahead-analysis-</span>
<span class="go"> results</span>
<span class="go"> --allow-limit-orders Allow limit orders in lookahead analysis (could cause</span>
<span class="go"> false positives in lookahead analysis results).</span>
<span class="go">Common arguments:</span>
<span class="go"> -v, --verbose Verbose mode (-vv for more, -vvv to get all messages).</span>
<span class="go"> --no-color Disable colorization of hyperopt results. May be</span>
<span class="go"> useful if you are redirecting output to a file.</span>
<span class="go"> --logfile, --log-file FILE</span>
<span class="go"> Log to the file specified. Special values are:</span>
<span class="go"> &#39;syslog&#39;, &#39;journald&#39;. See the documentation for more</span>
<span class="go"> details.</span>
<span class="go"> -V, --version show program&#39;s version number and exit</span>
<span class="go"> -c, --config PATH Specify configuration file (default:</span>
<span class="go"> `userdir/config.json` or `config.json` whichever</span>
<span class="go"> exists). Multiple --config options may be used. Can be</span>
<span class="go"> set to `-` to read config from stdin.</span>
<span class="go"> -d, --datadir, --data-dir PATH</span>
<span class="go"> Path to the base directory of the exchange with</span>
<span class="go"> historical backtesting data. To see futures data, use</span>
<span class="go"> trading-mode additionally.</span>
<span class="go"> --userdir, --user-data-dir PATH</span>
<span class="go"> Path to userdata directory.</span>
<span class="go">Strategy arguments:</span>
<span class="go"> -s, --strategy NAME Specify strategy class name which will be used by the</span>
<span class="go"> bot.</span>
<span class="go"> --strategy-path PATH Specify additional strategy lookup path.</span>
<span class="go"> --recursive-strategy-search</span>
<span class="go"> Recursively search for a strategy in the strategies</span>
<span class="go"> folder.</span>
<span class="go"> --freqaimodel NAME Specify a custom freqaimodels.</span>
<span class="go"> --freqaimodel-path PATH</span>
<span class="go"> Specify additional lookup path for freqaimodels.</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The above output was reduced to options that <code>lookahead-analysis</code> adds on top of regular backtesting commands.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="introduction">Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Many strategies, without the programmer knowing, have fallen prey to lookahead bias.
This typically makes the strategy backtest look profitable, sometimes to extremes, but this is not realistic as the strategy is "cheating" by looking at data it would not have in dry or live modes.</p>
<p>The reason why strategies can "cheat" is because the freqtrade backtesting process populates the full dataframe including all candle timestamps at the outset.
If the programmer is not careful or oblivious how things work internally
(which sometimes can be really hard to find out) then the strategy will look into the future.</p>
<p>This command is made to try to verify the validity in the form of the aforementioned lookahead bias.</p>
<h3 id="how-does-the-command-work">How does the command work?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-does-the-command-work" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>It will start with a backtest of all pairs to generate a baseline for indicators and entries/exits.
After this initial backtest runs, it will look if the <code>minimum-trade-amount</code> is met and if not cancel the lookahead-analysis for this strategy.<br />
If this happens, use a wider timerange to get more trades for the analysis, or use a timerange where more trades occur.</p>
<p>After setting the baseline it will then do additional backtest runs for every entry and exit separately.<br />
When these verification backtests complete, it will compare both dataframes (baseline and sliced) for any difference in columns' value and report the bias.
After all signals have been verified or falsified a result table will be generated for the user to see.</p>
<h3 id="how-to-find-and-remove-bias-how-can-i-salvage-a-biased-strategy">How to find and remove bias? How can I salvage a biased strategy?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-find-and-remove-bias-how-can-i-salvage-a-biased-strategy" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>If you found a biased strategy online and want to have the same results, just without bias,
then you will be out of luck most of the time.
Usually the bias in the strategy is THE driving factor for "too good to be true" profits.
Removing conditions or indicators that push the profits up from bias will usually make the strategy significantly worse.
You might be able to salvage it partially if the biased indicators or conditions are not the core of the strategy, or there
are other entry and exit signals that are not biased.</p>
<h3 id="examples-of-lookahead-bias">Examples of lookahead-bias<a class="headerlink" href="#examples-of-lookahead-bias" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><code>shift(-10)</code> looks 10 candles into the future.</li>
<li>Using <code>iloc[]</code> in populate_* functions to access a specific row in the dataframe.</li>
<li>For-loops are prone to introduce lookahead bias if you don't tightly control which numbers are looped through.</li>
<li>Aggregation functions like <code>.mean()</code>, <code>.min()</code> and <code>.max()</code>, without a rolling window,
will calculate the value over the <strong>whole</strong> dataframe, so the signal candle will "see" a value including future candles.
A non-biased example would be to look back candles using <code>rolling()</code> instead:
e.g. <code>dataframe['volume_mean_12'] = dataframe['volume'].rolling(12).mean()</code></li>
<li><code>ta.MACD(dataframe, 12, 26, 1)</code> will introduce bias with a signalperiod of 1.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="what-do-the-columns-in-the-results-table-mean">What do the columns in the results table mean?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-do-the-columns-in-the-results-table-mean" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><code>filename</code>: name of the checked strategy file</li>
<li><code>strategy</code>: checked strategy class name</li>
<li><code>has_bias</code>: result of the lookahead-analysis. <code>No</code> would be good, <code>Yes</code> would be bad.</li>
<li><code>total_signals</code>: number of checked signals (default is 20)</li>
<li><code>biased_entry_signals</code>: found bias in that many entries</li>
<li><code>biased_exit_signals</code>: found bias in that many exits</li>
<li><code>biased_indicators</code>: shows you the indicators themselves that are defined in populate_indicators</li>
</ul>
<p>You might get false positives in the <code>biased_exit_signals</code> if you have biased entry signals paired with those exits.
However, a biased entry will usually result in a biased exit too,
even if the exit itself does not produce the bias -
especially if your entry and exit conditions use the same biased indicator.</p>
<p><strong>Address the bias in the entries first, then address the exits.</strong></p>
<h3 id="caveats">Caveats<a class="headerlink" href="#caveats" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><code>lookahead-analysis</code> can only verify / falsify the trades it calculated and verified.
If the strategy has many different signals / signal types, it's up to you to select appropriate parameters to ensure that all signals have triggered at least once. Signals that are not triggered will not have been verified.<br />
This would lead to a false-negative, i.e. the strategy will be reported as non-biased.</li>
<li><code>lookahead-analysis</code> has access to the same backtesting options and this can introduce problems.
Please don't use any options like enabling position stacking as this will distort the number of checked signals.
If you decide to do so, then make doubly sure that you won't ever run out of <code>max_open_trades</code> slots,
and that you have enough capital in the backtest wallet configuration.</li>
<li>limit orders in combination with <code>custom_entry_price()</code> and <code>custom_exit_price()</code> callbacks can cause late / delayed entries and exists, causing false positives.
To avoid this - market orders are forced for this command. This implicitly means that <code>custom_entry_price()</code> and <code>custom_exit_price()</code> callbacks are not called.
Using <code>--lookahead-allow-limit-orders</code> will skip the override and use your configured order types - however has shown to eventually produce false positives.</li>
<li>In the results table, the <code>biased_indicators</code> column
will falsely flag FreqAI target indicators defined in <code>set_freqai_targets()</code> as biased.<br />
<strong>These are not biased and can safely be ignored.</strong></li>
</ul>
</article>
</div>
<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
</div>
<button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
Back to top
</button>
</main>
<footer class="md-footer">
<nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label="Footer" >
<a href="../trade-object/" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: Trade Object">
<div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-footer__title">
<span class="md-footer__direction">
Previous
</span>
<div class="md-ellipsis">
Trade Object
</div>
</div>
</a>
<a href="../recursive-analysis/" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--next" aria-label="Next: Recursive analysis">
<div class="md-footer__title">
<span class="md-footer__direction">
Next
</span>
<div class="md-ellipsis">
Recursive analysis
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11z"/></svg>
</div>
</a>
</nav>
<div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
<div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
<div class="md-copyright">
Made with
<a href="https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
Material for MkDocs
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<!-- Place this tag in your head or just before your close body tag. -->
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.4.1.min.js"
integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</div>
<div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
<div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
</div>
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"annotate": null, "base": "..", "features": ["content.code.annotate", "search.share", "content.code.copy", "content.action.edit", "navigation.top", "navigation.footer"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.2c215733.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": {"alias": true, "provider": "mike"}}</script>
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.79ae519e.min.js"></script>
<script src="../javascripts/config.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink